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31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his family arrive in SouthAfricaJanuary 2006:Elections postponed for the fourth time.February and April 2006:Elections bring Rene Preval to power.14 May 2006: Préval inaugurated as 55 th President of Haiti.27 August 2006: Hurricane Ernest hits Haiti.January 2010: Earthquake devastates Haiti, leaving nearly 200 000people dead.November 2010-April 2011: First- and second-round Presidential elections.Michel Martelly elected president by a landslide.January 2011:‘Baby Doc’ Duvalier returns to Haiti.March 2011:Days before the second-round election, Jean-Bertrand Aristide returns to Haiti.312
Appendix 5: Selected South African InternationalistForeign Policy Actions 1999-2008 7271999JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustCalls for ceasefire in SierraLeone, supports government ofAhmed Tejan Kabbah.Deputy President Mbekidismisses reports that SouthAfrica will send troops to wartornAngola.On British PM Tony Blair’sstate visit to South Africa,President Mandela acts as amediator between Blair andMuammar Ghaddafi regardingthe extradition of the PAN-AMbombers.South Africa chairs NAM from1998 to 2001.16: President Mbeki’s inaugurationfollowing the ANC’s victory in thesecond democratic election.25: In his speech at the openingof South Africa’s seconddemocratically-electedparliament, Mbeki calls for anew world order and pledgesSouth Africa’s commitment toAfrica in foreign policy.10: Signing of the LusakaCease-fire Agreement for DRC,in which South Africa played amajor role in negotiating anddrafting.Mbeki reacts angrily to Britain’sdecision to sell off vast amountsof its gold bullion reserves.Mbeki hosts talks with Rwanda,Tanzania and Uganda, regardingthe civil war in the DRC.28: Final draft of South Africa’sill-fated arms purchase packageis delivered to President Mbeki,for consideration by Cabinet thefollowing week.The 19 th SADC Summit, withMbeki as Chair, takes place in727 Source: BBC Monitoring.313
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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Page 264 and 265: giving near-automatic assent to the
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Page 268 and 269: A prominent official discourse on t
Page 270 and 271: so this was an issue area that was
Page 272 and 273: Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
Page 274 and 275: Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
Page 276 and 277: policymaking elites of these states
Page 278 and 279: commitments have a substantial impa
Page 280 and 281: The resulting statement that the fi
Page 282 and 283: In South Africa, the intervening va
Page 284 and 285: liberation movement, has assumed mo
Page 286 and 287: South Africa expanded its engagemen
Page 288 and 289: more pragmatic, without losing sigh
Page 290 and 291: at the unit-level, where the state
Page 292 and 293: falls short of capturing the full g
Page 294 and 295: a political or material nature, in
Page 296 and 297: It is also plausible to expect that
Page 298 and 299: national capabilities and therewith
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Page 302 and 303: Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
Page 304 and 305: 1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
Page 306 and 307: 2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
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Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
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Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
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Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
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______. 2004. “State of the Natio
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International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373:
Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
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Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
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______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379:
UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380:
World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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