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interest’, as greater numbers of sub-national groupings become increasingly vocalabout their foreign interests, or the domestic implications of the state’s foreignrelations.Hence, the ‘Third World’ is no more uniform 37 than it was at the height of thislabel’s use. However, the persistent trait of a subjective sense of marginalisationfrom power equations in international politics, along with unrelenting challenges ofeconomic development, retain the relevance of the ‘Third World’ or ‘Global South’,if not as an objective, quantifiable reality, then at least as a collective mentality, oridentity. 38 More than an identity, the category still serves as a ‘political platform’ 39embracing development, fairer trade and transparent, accountable global financialpractices, along with the democratisation of multilateral institutions.The shortcomings highlighted in the approaches described above may potentially beovercome, or at least limited, by the neoclassical realist approach to foreign policyanalysis. This is not a unified approach, but the emerging tradition bears somehallmarks that are beginning to render it a distinct theoretical perspective in theanalysis of foreign policy. It embraces a multi-level, multi-variate analysis of foreignpolicy, including the global-, state- and individual-levels of foreign policymaking.1.4. Outline of ArgumentGiven the preference for military restraint and greater levels of internationaldiplomatic engagement by the new emerging powers, the question arises whetherinternationalism as a foreign policy perspective conditions the foreign policies ofemerging powers, and if so, to which extent this is the case. The thesis proceeds bypresenting the progress of internationalism as a foreign policy outlook since theturn of the twentieth century, especially from the perspective of the Global South.37 Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, “Chapter 11: Conclusion”, in The Foreign Policiesof the Global South: rethinking conceptual frameworks, ed. Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003): 183-188: 184.38 Louise Fawcett, “Conclusion: Whither the Third World?” in The Third World Beyondthe Cold War: Continuity and Change, eds., Louise Fawcett and Yezid Sayigh (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1999): 242.39 Hans-Henrik Holm, “The End of the Third World?”, Journal of Peace Research, 27,No.1, (February 1990): 1-7: 6. See also Donald Puchala, “Third World Thinking andContemporary International Relations”, in International Relations Theory and the ThirdWorld, ed. Stephanie G. Neuman (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998): 133-158. Alsosee Chris Alden, Sally Morphet and Marco Antonio Vieira, The South in World Politics(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).31