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esolutions). 664 A primary example of this was the refusal of the Gétulio Vargasgovernment in June 1951 to accede to a US request to contribute troops for theKorean War. Similarly, under FHC in 1996, Brazil refused a UN request tocontribute troops to the Multinational Force in Zaïre, following an attenuation ofthe crisis there. 665 By contrast, Brazil acceded to participation in a multinationalintervention force in East Timor in 1999, in support of the United NationsTransitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), on the back of areferendum which had unequivocally expressed the popular will, and with theconsent of the Indonesian government. High levels of violence after the referendumresulted in the need for a military force to restore peace and support the work ofUNTAET. Brazil contributed only through the despatch of its contingent of 50military police, which were already in the country as part of UNTAET. 666Thus, Brazil’s leadership of the MINUSTAH mission is a departure on a number ofgrounds from its traditional stance on foreign deployment of Brazilian troops:• Haiti departs from the linguistic affinity of past Brazilian engagements, whichtended to take place, if not in Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Angola,Mozambique and Timor Leste, then in countries of South or Central America.• The Brazilian government, throughout its history of participation in externalpeace missions, has sought very explicit terms of engagement when deployingtroops abroad. These include: impartiality, the consent of the host government,the non-use of force (excepting in cases of self-defence), and a clear mandatefrom the United Nations Security Council. Where these conditions have notbeen met, more often than not, Brazil has declined involvement.• Haiti lacked a clear political settlement by the time MINUSTAH replaced theMultinational Interim Force. In fact, the political uncertainties of the caserepresented the ‘original sin’ 667 of the Mission.664 Brazil has engaged in two peacekeeping operations outside the ambit of the UN,however. The first occasion was the Dominican Republic in 1965-66 and the second onthe Peru-Ecuador border from 1995 to 1999. See Fontoura, O Brasil e as Operações deManutenção da Paz, 210.665 Fontoura, O Brasil e as Operações de Manutenção da Paz, 219.666 Ibid., p220-221.667 This term is Hirst’s. Hirst, “South American Intervention in Haiti”.258