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prime positioning as case studies on violent conflict. Foreign Policy Analysis in thedeveloping world has followed a similar pattern.Four major sets of problems – analytical, conceptual, theoretical and practical -appeared to hamper attempts to conduct systematic studies of foreign policymakingin the so-called Third World.Analytical ProblemsA feature of FPA for the developing world was the resort to political economyapproaches to account for the foreign policy of ‘fragile’ and ‘dependent’ societies.This simply substituted one single-factor approach, psychological reductionism, foranother, political economy. While it explained some foreign policy decisions bydeveloping countries 24 , its utility waned with the rising economic power of certaindeveloping states, which consequently experienced an increase in policy autonomy.A further analytical problem was the attempt to apply theories generated within theEuropean and North American contexts to the developing world, taking for grantedthe existence of seemingly unproblematic categories, such as ‘the state’, ‘balance ofpower’, ‘alliance’, and others. 25Conceptual problemsA key conceptual issue was how outputs were defined, i.e., what exactly was meantby ‘outputs’ – whether behaviour/discrete acts or objectives, or both. Korany argued thatan exclusive focus on discrete acts - a behavioural approach - would preclude theidentification of “a meaningful body of foreign policy 26 rather than merely anagglomeration of state actions”. 27 Such an approach would also make it difficult to24 For example, Cyril Kofie Daddieh, and Timothy M. Shaw, “The Political Economy ofDecision-Making in African Foreign Policy: Recognition of Biafra and the PopularMovement for the Liberation of Angola”, in Korany (ed), 1984: 61-85.25 KJ Holsti, “International Relations Theory and Domestic War in the Third World: TheLimits of Relevance”, pp103-132, in International Relations Theory and the Third World,ed. Stephanie G. Neumann (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998).26 For Korany, foreign policy is “a continuous, wider phenomenon [than decisions],embracing general objectives, stated strategy, and a series of routine actions”. SeeBahgat Korany, “Foreign Policy Decision-Making Theory and the Third World: Payoffsand Pitfalls”, in How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World: AComparative Analysis, Bahgat Korany (with contributors), (Boulder and London:Westview Press, 1984): 39-60:39.27 Bahgat Korany, “Analyzing Third-World Foreign Policies: A Critique and a ReorderedResearch Agenda”, in The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia, eds.27