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whole world. ANC solidarity was not only born of principle, but of necessity, as itdrew upon the expertise and material assistance of patrons as far afield as NorthernIreland (the IRA) 364 and Cuba.The assassination of the military leader, Chris Hani, in April 1993 muted the voiceof an important constituency in the ANC, namely the MK cadres who had goneinto battle for the liberation movement and endured many arduous years in exile invarious African countries. In fact, “(w)ith Hani’s untimely death the ANC wasburying not only …one of the most ardent voices of radicalism in the organization,Mandela was also symbolically burying the organization’s previous incarnation as aliberation movement”. 365 However, this was not a clean break, as exile andunderground cultures have continued to vie for dominance in the ANC as a politicalformation.Mandela’s personal prestige and international status helped to mask many of thecontradictions in thinking within the organisation at the time. As a sample, therewere the differences between those who had been socialised politically within thecountry – the so-called ‘in-ziles’ – and those who had been active in conducting thestruggle abroad, the exiles, which heavily influenced the political culture within theparty. The ANC leadership realised in 1991 that it required a “systematic reappraisalof foreign policy”. 366The third period, labelled ‘neoliberal/pragmatic’ by Evans, cannot be neatlyencapsulated, as it is still in progress, with its postulates hotly contested by the ANCand its allies. While it appears that in the aftermath of apartheid the ANC did comeunder the influence of global neoliberal ideology as diffused by training programmesof the IMF and its loan disbursement requirements, this was not an unproblematicacceptance by the Party. 367 This periodisation brings the narrative more or less up todate with the chronological focus, and the analytical subject, of this thesis.364 Ellis and Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid, 106365 Alden, “From Liberation Movement to Political Party”, 78.366 Evans, “South Africa in Remission”, 255.367 See Taylor, Stuck in Middle GEAR.158