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‘progressive’ politics internationally, some salient differences in their approaches toforeign policy are identifiable. The following section will analyse some pervadingfeatures of diplomacy and foreign policy under FHC as a backdrop to the analysisof PT and its role in Brazil’s internationalism under Lula.6.2. Changing perceptual lenses from FHC to PTThe claim has been made often enough that Brazilian foreign policy has tended attimes to neatly reflect the requirements of domestic economic models. This wasevident during the pursuit of Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI), whoseemphasis on domestic production and technological development underpinned thedrive in the 1960s for a number of foreign policy initiatives, especially independentforeign policy and the diversification of overseas trade partners. 480In this light, Cardoso’s foreign policy can be seen as an external support for thedomestic policies of trade and investment liberalisation, encapsulated in the phrase‘economic pragmatism’. Economic pragmatism was characterised by an “emphasis[on] monetary stability and external constraints, even at the expense of growth,increased employment, and the redistribution of income”. 481 Its internationaldimension – a key component of the approach - was the search for internationalcredibility, especially with the international financial institutions (IFIs) (whichentailed loyalty to structural adjustment programmes); and, an emphasis onmultilateral trade negotiations and trade conflict resolution. 482For at least one observer, foreign policy under Cardoso had “evolved under apredominantly reactive and defensive pattern”. 483 The economic modelimplemented by the Cardoso regime tended heavily toward neo-liberalism. Themeasures enacted, including “the liberalisation of domestic finance, foreign trade,480 See Lima and Hirst, “Brazil as an intermediate state”, 23; and Gelson Fonseca, Jr,“Studies on International Relations in Brazil: Recent Times (1950-80)”, Millennium:Journal of International Studies, 16, No.2 (1988).481 Marcus Faro de Castro and Maria Izabel Valladão de Carvalho, “Globalization andRecent Political Transitions in Brazil”, International Political Science Review, 24, No.4(October 2003): 481.482 Ibid., 485.483 Alcides Costa Vaz, “Brazilian Foreign Policy under Lula: Change or Continuity?”, in‘Dialogue on Globalization’ Briefing Papers, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Brazil, April 2004: 1.201