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importance of this group of states, whether as a ‘social movement’ withinthe Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), or as a narrower grouping, theOrganisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel, which hadheld the global economy to ransom in the 1970s. Nonetheless, a number ofstudies have since emerged, considering the gamut of peripheral polities ininternational relations and their foreign policymaking. By no means anextensive literature, besides selected volumes examining ‘Third World’foreign policy 19 , it does include categories such as ‘revolutionary foreignpolicy’ 20 , the foreign policy of ‘modernizing states’, as well as the foreignpolicy of ‘new states’. 21• A third puzzle to be addressed is the role of domestic actors other than the state inthe formation of foreign policy, even in the most centralised of foreignpolicymaking environments. Why do states similarly placed in internationalpolitics choose different paths to power? This question calls for an openingof the ‘black box’ of foreign policymaking: the domestic environment. Thelast two decades of the twentieth century saw two notable movements ofthe Left come to power in Brazil and South Africa, after many years ofdomestic and international political activism. Were they able to exert thesame type of menacing presence to Northern (especially American) interestsso feared of Castro and other leftist leaders for most of the twentiethcentury? If not, why not? Does the domestic political landscape, and thedaily struggles that animate it, bear any resonance for the internationalrelations of states?• The fourth puzzle is that of intermediate states and ‘emergence’ as a great power inthe current international order. An underlying assumption of the thesis is thechanged ‘social’ environment in which contemporary states operate, inwhich the rules of great power have changed since the end of the Cold War.While the development of nuclear capabilities was almost universally19 Stephanie G.Neumann, ed., International relations theory and the Third World(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998); Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, ed., Theforeign policies of the Global South: rethinking conceptual frameworks (Boulder,Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003).20 Stephen Chan and Andrew J. Williams, eds., Renegade States: The evolution ofrevolutionary foreign policy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994).21 Peter Calvert, The Foreign Policies of New States (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1988).25