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commitments have a substantial impact on how leaders respond to internationalcrises.How can FPA better account for developments in foreign policy formulation in the developingworld? FPA’s agenda in the developing world requires broadening. Dependency,state weakness, and erratic leadership are no longer the defining characteristics ofperipheral polities. State structure, individual leadership, and most significantly, ideas,grand strategy and new forms of agency are key determinants of foreign policy inthe developing world, as elsewhere. Internationalism in foreign policy has beenshown by this study to be a significant variable determining the goals andinstruments of state action by developing countries.How do domestic politics, especially governing parties, affect international outcomes? For both theANC in South Africa and the PT in Brazil, an anti-imperial posture is an importantfeature of international identity. This derives from historical and cultural factors atthe national level. Where governing parties have made large concessions oneconomic policy, acquiescing in liberalisation, it appears that they have reserved thearena of foreign policy for the rhetoric and practice of anti-imperialism. Statestructure, and the dominance of each respective party within their given politicalsystems, further determines their capacity to legitimate their foreign policy stances,and to secure the resources for the pursuit of foreign policy projects. This, in turn,is a key determinant of a state’s route to power in the contemporary internationalorder.South Africa and Brazil, have sought to limit the perception of threat that theirregional dominance projects. South Africa under Mbeki selected a route to powerpredicated on recognition as an influential African voice, speaking for the Africancontinent at large, but resisting the urge to throw its weight around. Lula’s Brazilalso opted for a peaceful path to power, still reserving its rights to expand itsinterests and broaden its diplomatic instruments at a later stage, by channellingresources toward certain indicators of ‘hard power’, such as nuclear submarines andadopting a harder line on the unfairness of the nuclear proliferation regime.278