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______. 2004. “State of the Nation Address”, Parliamentary Hansard, 6 February2004.McNeil Jr, Donald G. 1997. “South Africa’s Foreign Policy: A Tough BalancingAct”, in New York Times, January 3, 1997.Mearsheimer, John. 2007. “Chapter 4: Structural Realism”, in Dunne, Tim, MiljaKurki and Steve Smith. 2007. International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity.Pp71-88.Mendonça, Maria Luisa. 2008. “UN Troops Accused of Human Rights Violations inHaiti”, Centre for International Policy. 29 January, 2008. Accessed online at:http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3056.cfm on 6 September 2011.Miller, Dionne Jackson. 2004. “Aristide’s Call for Reparations From France Unlikelyto Die”, in InterPress Service News Agency, 12 March, 2004. Accessed online at:http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828 on 8 December, 2010.Minister of Defence. 2007. Briefing to the International Relations, Peace andSecurity Cluster, 14 March, 2007. Accessed online at:http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2007/07021511451001.htm on 10 May, 2011.Ministério da Defesa. 2008. The National Strategy of Defense: Peace and Securityfor Brazil. 1 st edition. Brasília.Ministério das Relações Exteriores, website of the Brazil Ministry of ExternalRelations,http://www.mre.gov.br/ingles/politica_externa/discursos/discurso_detalhe.asp?ID_DISCURSO=2923, accessed online, 7 May, 2007.______. 2006. Chronology of Events: Lula Presidency.______. 2009. Position of the Government of Brazil: Plenary Meeting of theGeneral Assembly on the responsibility to protect, 23 July, 2009.Accessed online at: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/Brazil_ENG.pdf on 7March, 2011.MINUSTAH website. ‘MINUSTAH Background’, accessed online at:http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/background.shtml on 2December, 2010.Mollo, Maria de Lourdes Rollemberg and Alfredo Saad-Filho. 2006. “NeoliberalEconomic Policies in Brazil (1994-2005): Cardoso, Lula and the Need for aDemocratic Alternative”, in New Political Economy, Vol. 11, No.1, March 2006.Moore, Malcolm. 2009. “China overtakes the US as Brazil’s largest trading partner”,in The Telegraph, 9 May, 2009. Accessed online at:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/5296515/China-overtakes-the-US-as-Brazils-largest-trading-partner.html on 26 June, 2011.368
Morris, Michael A. 1989. The Strait of Magellan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers:Dordrecht.Muggah, Robert and Keith Krause. 2006. “A True Measure of Success? TheDiscourse and Practice of Human Security in Haiti”, in The Whitehead Journal ofDiplomacy and International Relations, Winter/Spring, 2006, pp129-141.______ and Ilona Szabo de Carvalho. 2009. “Brazil’s “Southern effect” in fragilecountries”, in opendemocracy, 19 November, 2009. Accessed online at:http://www.opendemocracy.net/robert-muggah-lona-szab%C3%B3-decarvalho/brazils-southern-effect-in-fragile-countrieson 22 November, 2009.Muller, Marie. 2000. “Some observations on South Africa’s economic diplomacyand the role of the Department of Foreign Affairs”, Institute for Global Dialogue,Occasional Paper No.27, October 2000, pp 17-27.Mullins, Martin. 2006. In the Shadow of the Generals: Foreign Policy Making in Argentina,Brazil and Chile. Ashgate: Aldershot.Murthy, P.A. and B.K. Shrivastava. 1991. Neutrality and non-alignment in the 1990s.Sangam Books: London.Nathan, Laurie. 2010. “Interests, Ideas and Ideology: South Africa’s Policy onDarfur”, in African Affairs, Vol. 110, No.438, pp1-20: 19.______. 2008. “Anti-Imperialism Trumps Human Rights: South Africa’s Approachto the Darfur Conflict”, Working Paper 31, Crisis States Research Centre, LSE,February 2008.______. 2005. “Consistency and inconsistencies in South African foreign policy”, inInternational Affairs, Vol. 81, No.2, pp 361-372.National Security Archive. 2004. “Brazil Marks 40 th Anniversary of Military Coup:Declassified Documents Shed Light on US Role”, accessed online at:http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm on 26 June,2011.______. 2007. Conflicting Missions: Secret Cuban Documents on History ofAfrican Involvement’. Accessed at:http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/ on 11 December 2007.National Treasury, 2008. “A People’s Guide to the Budget”, accessed online at:http://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/2008/guides/Budget%20Peoples%20guide%20eng%202008.pdf.Nduru, Moyiga. 2004. “Haitian Leader’s Plight Fails to Move Opposition”, IPS,March 1, 2004. Accessed online at:http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=22637 on 1 December 2010.Neack, Laura. 2000. “Middle Powers Once Removed: The Diminished Global Roleof Middle Powers and American Grand Strategy”. Paper presented at the 41 st369
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
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1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
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2004: ANC wins landslide election v
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1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
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Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
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31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
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SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
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OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
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Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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