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REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilLilian Duarte, Political Officer, Brazilian Embassy LondonAmbassador Gonçalo Mourão, Head of Central America and Caribbean Desk,MREMr Valter Pomar, Head of International Office, PTProf Monica Regina Soares da Lima, Professor of International Politics, IUPERJProf Alcides Vaz, Professor of International Politics, UnBProf Paulo Roberto Almeida, diplomat and professor of International PoliticsProf Kai Michael Kenkel, Professor of International Relations, PUC-RioMr Giancarlo Summa, former PT Electoral Public Communication OfficerSouth AfricaProfessor Raymond Suttner, former head of Parliamentary Committee for ForeignAffairsDr Essop Pahad, former Minister in the PresidencyDr George Genge, Acting Head of Policy, Research and Analysis Unit, DFAMs. Mavivi Manyakayaka-Manzini, ANC International Office HeadProf Anthoni van Nieuwkerk, Professor of Defense Studies, WITS Business SchoolMr Peter Fabricius, International Affairs Correspondent, The StarMs Annabel Haslop, Deputy Ambassador to BrazilLiteratureAbedian, Iraj. 2005. “Towards a post-GEAR macroeconomic policy for SouthAfrica”, in Edigheji, O (ed.) 2005. “Trajectories for South Africa: Reflections on theANC’s 2 nd National General Council’s discussion documents”, Policy: Issues andActors (Special Edition), Vol. 18, No.2, Centre for Policy Studies: Johannesburg: pp 5-9.Afonso, Paulo. 2004. Speech in the Chamber of Deputies on the Dispatch ofBrazilian Troops to Haiti, PMDB-SC. Accessed online at:http://www.camara.gov.br/internet/SitaqWeb/TextoHTML.asp?etapa=5&nuSessao=089.2.52.O&nuQuarto=95&nuOrador=2&nuInsercao=23&dtHorarioQuarto=15:20&sgFaseSessao=OD&Data=13/05/2004&txApelido=PAULO%20AFONSO,%20PMDB-SC on 6 December, 2010.African Economic Outlook. 2011. “FDI destinations in Africa”. Accessed online at:http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/outlook/external-financialflows/direct-investment-flows/fdi-destinations-in-africa/on 24 June, 2011.African National Congress. 1992. “Ready to Govern: Policy guidelines for ademocratic South Africa”, adopted at the National Conference, 28-31 May, 1992.348
Accessed online at: http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/readyto.html, on 7January 2010.______. 1994. “Foreign Policy Perspective in a Democratic South Africa”, accessedonline at: http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/policy/foreign.html on 12 August 2010.______. 1997. “Resolutions: International Relations”, accessed online at:http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?include=docs/res/1997/resolutions4.html&ID=2432 on 21 November 2010.______. 1997. “Developing a Strategic Perspective”, online.______. 2004. “Press Statement: Cabinet’s decision on Aristide”, 13 May, 2004.Accessed online at:http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?include=docs/pr/2004/pr0513a.html on 8December, 2010.African Renaissance and International Co-operation Fund Accounting Officer’sReport for the year ended 31 March 2007. Accessed online at:http://www.dfa.gov.za/department/report_2006-2007/arf%20report.pdf on 16March, 2011.African Renaissance Fund Act 51 of 2000.Agência Brasil. 2010. “Secretário-geral diz que Foro de São Paulo é espaço apenaspara debates”, in Correio Braziliense, 20 August 2010.Ahmed, A.K. 2009. “The role of parliament in South Africa’s foreign policydevelopment process: lessons from the United States’ Congress”, in South AfricanJournal of International Affairs, Vol. 16, No.3, pp291-310.Albright, David and Mark Hibbs. 1993. “South Africa: The ANC and the atombomb”, in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 49, No.3, pp32-37.Alden, Chris. 1993. “From liberation movement to political party: ANC foreignpolicy in transition”, in South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No.1,pp62-81.______ and Garth le Pere, 2003. “South Africa’s Post-Apartheid Foreign Policy –From Reconciliation to Revival?”, Adelphi Paper, Vol. 43, Issue 362, InternationalInstitute for Strategic Studies: London.______ and Garth Le Pere. 2009. “South Africa in Africa: Born to Lead?”, inPolitikon, Vol. 36, Issue 1, pp145-169.______ and Marco Antonio Vieira. 2005. “The new diplomacy of the South: SouthAfrica, Brazil, India and trilateralism”, in Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, Issue 7,pp1077-1095.349
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
Page 298 and 299: national capabilities and therewith
Page 300 and 301: 300
Page 302 and 303: Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
Page 304 and 305: 1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
Page 306 and 307: 2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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