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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelative Distribution of PowerUnit Level:Degree of autonomy of central decision-makers in a context of growing material power resources(change in relative distribution of power)• Mobilisation capability• Extraction capability• Role of governing party (Left-oriented)• Rising economic capacity" INSTITUTIONAL FREEDOM of governing party" LEGITIMATING CAPACITY of governing partyFigure 3: Schematic Representation of Neoclassical Realist Approach toEmerging PowersNeoclassical realism downgrades realism’s assumption of states’ search for securityas a driving force of international politics. According to Rose, an early exponent ofthe approach as theory, “Instead of assuming that states seek security, neoclassicalrealists assume that states respond to the uncertainties of international anarchy byseeking to control and shape their external environment”. 172 In other words, statesattempt to decrease levels of uncertainty, but not necessarily through the acquisitionof arms and by building the capability to make war. States still seek the means forsurvival, but territorial gains and existential threats do not form the core of theirsecurity concerns. With special reference to the two countries under considerationhere, Brazil has not seen major war since the middle of the nineteenth century,while post-Apartheid South Africa has not faced any major military threats fromoutside its borders.Economic and security issues feature as major factors for emerging states in seekingto ‘control and shape their external environment’. One of these factors is theirability to participate in multilateral decision-making. While this aspect ofinternationalism is dismissed by realism, or more generously viewed as dependentupon powerful states’ interests, it is a vital component of the foreign policies of172 Gideon Rose, “Review: Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy”, WorldPolitics, 51, No.1 (Oct. 1998): 152.90