ARUP; ISBN: 978-0-9562121-5-3 - CMBBE 2012 - Cardiff University

seated in a upright MRI machine and tipped 90 degrees. Fat, muscle and bone tissue
were differentiated. Body kinematics were accounted for by including leg, spine and hip
structures interconnected with joints. Vertebrae were assigned moment-angle
characteristics to allow relative motion. Established tissue parameters were assigned to
gluteal fat and muscle tissue. Bone parts were assumed to be rigid and lumped masses
were added to the particular body parts to meet average weights. Static body weight
loading on various supports was simulated, Figure-2a. Similarly, models of the human
foot, Figure-2b, and cheek region, Figure-3b and Figure-3d, were generated. Foot and
cheek tissue was differentiated into skin, fat and muscle and was characterized
performing ramp-and-hold compression, Figure-3a, as well as tensile relaxation
experiments, Figure-3c. Static foot tissue loading, subject to various sole materials and
geometries, was investigated. Mechanical cheek tissue characteristics can be used in
virtual shaving simulation.
Generally, tissue stress and strain were evaluated and interacting devices with body
tissue were evaluated and compared regarding their effects on the tissue.
(a) (b)
Figure-2 FE models: (a) recumbent body model including bone structure, gluteal muscles and
fat tissue and (b) foot model in section cut view for use in sole interaction simulation
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure-3 Experiments and FE models: (a) cheek tissue indentation test and (c) cheek skin tensile
test and corresponding models including skin, adipose and muscle tissue and bone structures in
section cut view for use in material parameter characterisation analysis (b) and (d)