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PARALLEL SESSION 2A: LAND USE 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Moreover, this work allows the aggregation several midpoint indicators into a single indicator related to the area of protection ecosystem service loss, which facilitates decision-making. 6. References Ackerman, F., Stanton, E. A., 2010. The Social Cost of Carbon - A Report for the Economics for Equity and the Environment Network. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. Brandão, M., Mila iCanals L., 2012. Global characterisation factors to assess land use impacts on biotic production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 1-10. Boulay, A.-M., Bouchard, C., Bulle, C., Deschênes, L., Margni, M., 2011. Categorizing water for LCA inventory. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 16, 639-651. de Baan, L., Alkemade, R., Koellner, T., 2012. Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 1-15. CDE, FAO, ISRIC, GEF, UNCCD, World Bank, 2011. World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT). http://www.wocat.net/en/knowledge-base.html. Accessed 30 July 2011. European Commission Joint Research Centre, 2010. Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in LCA. Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Luxembourg. FAO, 2012. FAOSTAT. Accessed 15 July 2012. Freeman, A.M., 2003. The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values. Theory and Methods, second ed. Resources for the Future Press, Washington. Hofstetter, P., 1998. Perspectives in life cycle impact assessment: a structured approach to combine models of the technosphere, ecosphere and valuesphere, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). Holdridge, L.R., 1947. Determination of World Plant Formations From Simple Climatic Data. Science. 105, 367-368. Garrigues, E., Corson, M.S., Angers, D.A., van der Werf, H.M.G., Walter, C., 2012. Soil quality in Life Cycle Assessment: Towards development of an indicator. Ecological Indicators. 18, 434-442. IPCC, 2009. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme & Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, in: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Hayama (Japan). Koellner, T., de Baan L., Beck, T., Brandão, M., Civit, B., Goedkoop, M., et al., 2012. Principles for life cycle inventories of land use on a global scale. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 1-13. Accessed 30 April 2012. LULCIA, 2008-2012. Operational Characterization Factors for Land use Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Life-Cycle Impact Assessment. http://www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de/en/research/projects/LULCIA/ Mila iCanals L.M., Bauer, C., Depestele, J., Dubreuil, A., Knuchel, R.F., Gaillard, G., et al., 2007. Key elements in a framework for land use impact assessment within LCA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 12, 5-15. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Our Human Planet, Island Press, Washington. Müller-Wenk R., Brandão M., 2010. Climatic impact of land use in LCA—carbon transfers between vegetation/soil and air. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 15, 172-82. National Research Council, 2004. Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making, National Academy Press, Washington. Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., et al., 2001. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. BioScience. 51, 933-938. Saad, R., Margni, M., Koellner, T., Wittstock, B., Deschênes, L., 2011. Assessment of land use impacts on soil ecological functions: development of spatially differentiated characterization factors within a Canadian context. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 16(3), 198-211. UNESCO, 2009. Water in a changing World. United Nations World Water Development Report, UNESCO, Paris. US EPA, 1999. Water Treatment Estimation Routine (WaTER). www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/media/spreadsheets/WaTER.xls. Accessed 15 August 2011. 137
PARALLEL SESSION 2A: LAND USE 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 138 Land requirements for food in the Netherlands, a historical analysis over 200 years Sanderine Nonhebel 1,* , Jan Hessels Miedema 1 , Thomas Kastner 2 1 Centre for Energy and Environmental Sciences, University of Groningen. Groningen, The Netherlands 2 Institute for Social Ecology, Alpen Adria University, Vienna, Austria. Corresponding author E-mail: S.Nonhebel@rug.nl ABSTRACT The production of food puts a large claim on land. The land required for food depends on the menu and on the agricultural production (yields per hectare). Both factors change over time. We combined data on food consumption over 200 years in the Netherlands with data on agricultural yields over the same period and determined a time series on land requirements for food. Large changes in the consumption patterns took place. In 1800 the largest share of the kcal in the food (90%) were obtained from milk, wheat, rye, buckwheat, barley and potatoes. 200 years later milk, wheat and potatoes only contributed for 40% to the menu, and pork, sugar and vegetable oils accounted for 40%. Crop yields went up with a factor 4-8. Combination of both made that in 1800 1.4 ha was needed to feed a person, while 200 years later only 0.2 hectare was needed. Keywords: food consumption patterns, crop yields, land use, time series 1. Introduction The production of food puts a large claim on land. On a global scale 30% of the land is used for the production of food. Earlier research showed that large differences in land claim existed between various food items and different menus required different land use. Luxurious menus with a lot of meat tend to require 5 times as much land as the menus mainly based on staple food like rice and potatoes. (Gerbens-Leenes and Nonhebel, 2002). The change of menu is strongly related to economic development. With increasing welfare menus change from diets mainly based on staples to diets including animal products, vegetable oils, vegetables and drinks. The land requirements for food are inversely related to crop yields, when yields double land requirements for food halve. Crop yields per hectare are affected by changes in technology like the use of higher yielding crop varieties, application of (mineral) fertilisers, use of biocides against pests and diseases etc. Over the last 200 years large changes both in menu as in agricultural technology have taken place in the Netherlands. In this paper we study the overall effect of changes in menu and changes in production techniques on the land required for food in the Netherlands. This historical analysis provides knowledge on how the need for land can change over time, insights can be of use when studying future global food supply. 2. Methodology We constructed a historical database of food availability per person over 200 years using various sources. Next we collected yield data for most important food crops grown in the Netherlands. Finally we combined food availability data with the crop yields to determine the land required for food using the methodology developed by Kastner and Nonhebel (2010). 2.1 Food consumption patterns Data on food availability were obtained from different sources, using different food categories and different units covering different timespans. All food units (kg, litres etc) were converted into kcal, and food categories were adjusted (Miedema, 2011). Fig. 1 shows the result. Around the first (1914-1918) and second (1940-1945) world war a large decline in food availability is shown. It is likely that in these years the availability of food deviated from the non-war years, but during wars the collection of statistical data is in general not the first priority of a government, so the quality of the collection of the data can also be a reason for deviation. The total food availability increased in 200 years from 2500 kcal per person per day to over 3200 kcal. Next to this, changes in the pattern are obvious: around 1800 over 40% of the food originated from livestock (with dairy contributing virtually the whole share), this drops to 20% in 1900 and increases again to 35% in 2000 (Figure 1). In 1800, rye and barley were the cereals most consumed, while in 2000 wheat was the most important cereal. While the consumption of relevant quantities of sugar only started around 1880, in 2000 15% of the calories in the menu were obtained from sugar. Further from 1950 onwards animal fats in the diets were replaced by oils from the oilseeds.
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