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PARALLEL SESSION 3C: SHEEP AND DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Total land use impacts on biodiversity across states, when accounting for all crops, are equal to 1.37 m 2 .yr.PDF/kg milk at the national level. California and Wisconsin contribute to 17% and 15% respectively. Figure 7. Milk production per state (metric ton/year) Figure 8. Land use impacts on biodiversity and contribution to the milk at the national level production per state (m 2 .yr.PDF/kg FPCM) 4. Discussion Land use area requirements, which are mainly driven by the yield, for each crop to be produced in the feed ration varied up to 6 times from one crop to another. Another key-parameter is the crop production contribution per state. Results of land use impacts per kg of milk produced from state to state varied up to 15 times for nationally produced crops. A comparison of the results indicate different share of contribution to the total impacts and for which the crop provenance could be traced back to its production location. Given the distribution of feed components’ production and their share to the national level production, states such as California and Wisconsin, which are major contributors to the national milk production require significant amount of crop to feed cows. However, not being a sizeable in-state corn grain production, they require a large supply of feed from other states. The latter are located in the Corn Belt region and constitute the main suppliers’ to many other dairy producers states (i.e. receiver states). Consequently, land use impacts on biodiversity per kg of milk produced are greater than the ones induced by Minnesota’s milk production, as it only contributes to 4% of the national milk production. Thus, impacts from an inducer perspective are larger than those from a receiver perspective. This reasoning applies to feed components, which their supply mix is assumed to be a national production (eg. commodity crops such as corn grain). For local and not transportable crops, assumed to be produced within the state where the farm is located, their contribution to land use impacts of milk production at the national level is mainly local. Thus, induced and received impacts are equivalent. As part of the spatial assessment, results for land use impacts on a series of ecosystem services (groundwater recharge potential, erosion resistance potential, physico-chemical filtration and mechanical filtration potential) wer also accounted for. Impact results were mainly driven by the milk production fraction at national scale and thus aligned with the one observed for the biodiversity indicator. California, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and New York were consistently among the top contributors to total impact (results not shown). Detailed results can be foun in the original report (Jolliet et al., 2012). 5. Conclusion Land use impacts related to milk production across its entire life cycle are mainly driven by land use needed for feed production, which is required for dairy consumption. The remaining processes beyond the farm gate contribute to 5% of the total impact to biodiversity (results not shown). These are dominated by forest land use necessary for pulp production used in manufacturing paperboard cartons and other packaging. We found that impacts of feed vary significantly depending on the production location. Both inventory and impact assessment contributes to this variation. Inventory is directly influenced by the yield that determines the area requirements per unit of crops production. Impact assessment is directly influenced by several bio-geographic factors, such as climate conditions, vegetation patterns and soil type properties. We found that spatial differentiation at the state level (the chosen regionalisation scale for this study) is as a key element when addressing land use impacts. However, future work and improvement could address a finer and more relevant scale assessment. The latter can be addressed on U.S. ecoregions scale level instead of 319
PARALLEL SESSION 3C: SHEEP AND DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 being based on states’ level. This could bring additional discrimination to the results considering more specific and spatially-differentiated CFs. When inventory data are available, it is shown that spatial differentiation increases the discriminating power of LCA. Finally, when considering the global environmental profile related to the US dairy production industry, possible trade-offs between impact categories (land use, water use, climate change, etc.) may arise. In this respect this work provides valuable insights to guide decision makers to identify priorities for action to reduce overall potential impacts related to milk production. 6. References Basset-Mens, C., Ledgard, S., Boyes, M., 2009. Eco-efficiency of intensification scenarios for milk production in New Zealand. Ecological Economics 68(6): 1615-1625 Goedkoop M, Spriensma R. (2001): Eco-indicator 99, a damage oriented LCA impact assessment method. Methodology report Nr. 1999/36a. 3rd ed. The Netherlands, Amersfoort. Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., Coomes, O. T., Dirzo, R., Fischer, G., Folke, C., George, P. S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J., Leemans, R., Li, X., Moran, E. F., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P. S., Richards, J. F., Skånes, H., Steffen, W., Stone, G. D., Svedin, U., Veldkamp, T. A., Vogel C., Xu, J., 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11(4): 261-269 LULCIA (2008–2012). Operational Characterization Factors for Land use Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Life-Cycle Impact Assessment—Compatible with the Framework of the UNEP- SETAC Life Cycle Initiative (LULCIA). http://www.pes.uni-bayreuth.de/en/research/projects/LULCIA/ Milà i Canals, L., Bauer, C., Depestele, J., Dubreuil, A., Freiermuth Knuchel, R., Gaillard, G., Michelsen, O., Müller-Wenk, R., Rydgren, B., 2007. Key Elements in a Framework for land Use Impact Assessment within LCA Int J LCA, 12(1), 5-15. Pimentel, D., Allen, Beers, J., Guinand, L., Linder, R., McLaughlin, P., Meer, B., Musonda, D., Perdue, D., Poisson, S., Siebert, S., Stoner, K., Salazar, R., Hawkins, A., 1987. World Agriculture and Soil Erosion. BioScience 37(4): 277-283 Pfister, S., Curran, M., Koehler, A., Hellweg, S., 2010. Trade-offs between land and water use: regionalized impacts of energy crops. In: Proceedings of the7th International Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, Bari, Italy Roy, P., D. Nei, T. Orikasa, Q. Xu, H. Okadome, N. Nakamura and T. Shiina (2009): A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering 90 (1): 1-10 Saad R., Koellner, T., Margni, M., (submitted). Land use impacts on freshwater regulation, erosion regulation and water purification: a spatial approach for a global scale level. Int J LCA Saad R, Margni M., Koellner T., Wittstock B., Deschênes L., 2011. Assessment of land use impacts on soil ecological functions : development of spatially differentiated characterization factors within a Canadian context. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 16(3): 198-211 Thoma, G., Popp, J., Shonnard, D., Nutter, D., Ulrich, R., Matlock, M.,Kim, D, Neiderman, Z., East, C., Adom, F., Kemper, N., Mayes, A., 2010. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production in Fluid Milk in the US. Dairy Management, Inc., Rosemount, IL, USA Thomassen, M., R. Dalgaard, R. Heijungs and I. de Boer (2008): Attributional and consequential LCA of milk production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13 (4): 339-349 USDA NASS, 2010. USDA/NASS - Data and Statistics - QuickStats 2.0. http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/ Jolliet, O., Asselin, A., Burek, J., Heller, M., Henderson, A., Humbert, S., Kim, D. S., Lessard, L., Matlock, M., Margni, M., Saad, R., Thoma, G., Vionnet, S. (in alphabetical order), (2012): US fluid milk comprehensive LCA, Report in progress, www.css.snre.umich.edu/project/us-fluid-milk-beyond-carbon-lca-study 320
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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