LCA Food 2012 in Saint Malo, France! - Manifestations et colloques ...

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PARALLEL SESSION 6C: POULTRY AND PORK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Danisco, no data. Technical Report Axtra XAP: Axtra XAP significantly improved performance and AME of broiler feed corn/soy/ gain by-product based diets. (internal document) Ecoinvent, 2007. The lifecycle inventory data v2.2 Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. FAO, 2006. Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e.pdf. (Accessed 22.11.2011) FAO, 2011. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: FAPSTAT: Production: Livestock Primary. http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=569#ancor (accessed 22.12.11) Foley, J.A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K.A., Cassidy, E., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N.D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D.K., West, P.C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E.M., Carpenter, S.R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D. and Zaks, D.P.M., 2011. Solutions for a Cultivated Planet. Nature Volume: 478 (p 337–342). IPCC, 2006a. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4. Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use, Chapter 10. N2O Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management. IPCC, 2006b. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4. Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use, Chapter 11. N2O Emissions from Managed Soils and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application. Jekanowski, M., 2011. Survey Says: A Snapshot of Rendering. Render Magazine. April 2011, 58-61. LCA food, 2003. LCA food database. www.lcafood.dk. (accessed 28.12.11) FVM, 2011. Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri Vejledning om Gødsknings- og Harmoniregler: Planperiode 1. august 2011 til 31. juli 2012. Plantedirektoratet. http://www.netpublikationer.dk/FVM/978-87-7083-418-6/index.htm (accessed 18.12.11) Nielsen, P.H., Dalgaard, R., Korsbak, A., Pettersson, D., 2007. Environmental Assessment of Digestibility Improvement Factors Applied in Animal Production: Use of Ronozyme® WX CT Xylanase in Danish Pig Production. Int J LCA 13(1), pp. 49-56 Nielsen, P.H., Wenzel, H., 2007. Environmental Assessment of Ronozyme®P5000 CT Phytase as an Alternative to Inorganic Phosphate Supplementation to Pig Feed Used in Intensive Pig Production. Int J LCA 12 (7), pp. 514-520 Nielsen, N.I., Jørgensen, M., Bahrndorff, S., 2011. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Danish Broiler Production estimated via LCA Methodology. The Danish Food Industry Agency. http://www.landbrugsinfo.dk/Fjerkrae/Sider/110628_vfc_engelsk_vfl_layout_web.pdf?List=%7Bfd90c3be-edf2-456f-bae3f22a04409221%7D&download=true (accessed 18.08.2012) NRA. 2011a. Economic impact: Statistics: Monthly U.S. Raw Material Usage for U.S. Biodiesel Production (2007-2009). http://assets.nationalrenderers.org/Monthly_US_Raw_Material_Useage_for_US_-Biodiesel_Production_2007_2009.pdf. (Accessed 08.12.11) NRA (2011b) Economic impact: Statistics: US and EU Production of Biodiesel (2001-2009). http://nationalrenderers.org/assets/4d2db2f3dabe9d618f00005c/us_and_eu_production_of_biodiesel_20012009.pdf. (Accessed 08.12.11) Schmidt, J.H., Reinhard, J., Weidema, B., (2011) Modelling of indirect land use changes in LCA: Report v2I. Denmark, Aalborg. 2.0 LCA consultants Saunders, J.A., Rosentrater, K.A., 2009. Survey of US fuel ethanol plants. Bioresource Technology 100, 3277-3284 Sonesson, U., Cederberg, C., and Berglund M., 2009. Greenhouse gas emissions in animal feed production. http://www.klimatmarkningen.se/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/2009-2-feed.pdf. (accessed 23.11.11) Weidema, B., 2003. Market information in life cycle assessment. Danish Environmental Protection Agency: Danish Ministry of the Environment. http://www.norlca.org/resources/780.pdf. (accessed 08.12.11) Williams, A.G., Audsley, E. Sandars, D.L., 2009. A Lifecycle Approach to Reducing the Environmental Impact of Poultry Production. World Poultry Science Association (WPSA), 17 th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 2009 Edinburgh, Scotland 545
PARALLEL SESSION 6C: POULTRY AND PORK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 546 Comparison of two production scenarios of chickens consumed in France Vamilson Prudêncio da Silva Junior 1,* , Edivan Cherubini 2 , Sebastião Roberto Soares 2 1 Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. 2 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – CICLOG, Florianópolis, Brazil. Corresponding author. E-mail: vamilson@epagri.sc.gov.br ABSTRACT The use of the Life Cycle Assessment - LCA - provides interesting comparisons between different scenarios of producing a same product. In this study we investigate if imported chickens from Brazil, fed with locally produced grains cause less or more impact than chickens produced in France, using a feed part of which comes from Brazil. We assume that the chicken produced in France (FR) was a standard intensive system with a feed made with French ingredients (maize, wheat, and rapeseed) and with soybean from Brazil. For the Brazilian case (BR), we assumed standard intensive systems, that chickens were fed mainly with maize and soybeans produced in the region in which the chickens were raised. As we have two scenarios that represent the Brazilian situation, we propose a scenario consisting of 75% of South chicken (SO - considered representative for the three southern states) and 25% of Centre West chicken (CW), adding to this scenario the transport distances. The LCA for the systems studied begins with the production of inputs and goods used to produce crops, passing through the phases of crop production, grain drying and processing, feed manufacturing, production of chicks, chicken rearing, slaughter, cooling and packaging of whole chicken, including all transport phases, up to the slaughterhouse gate, adding the transport to France, for the Brazilian scenario. The production and maintenance of chicken houses and of slaughterhouse buildings and machines were not included. Functional unit was 1 ton of chicken cooled and packed delivered in France. The method used for life cycle impact assessment was the CML 2 baseline 2000 with modifications. From an environmental point of view, importing chicken from Brazil rather than producing it in France with Brazilian soybeans, was better with respect to climate change and land occupation, which are both global impacts. With respect to acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity and energy demand chicken imported from Brazil had larger impacts than the chicken produced in France. Keywords: life cycle assessment, chicken production, Brazil, France 1. Introduction In recent decades the poultry industry has developed and modernized, both in Brazil and in France. Increased productivity due to technological improvements, new models of integration and changes in the market favouring the increase in consumption of chicken meat, are factors that contributed to the growth of the sector in Brazil. According to the Brazilian Association of Chicken Producers and Exporters (ABEF, 2010), the total chicken production in Brazil increased from 2 million tonnes in 1989 to 12.3 million in 2010. In 2006, 2.7 million tons were exported (ABEF, 2010). In 2010, this number rose to 3.8 million tons. The Middle East, the European Union (EU) and Asia are the main destinations for Brazilian chicken. This significant increase in the export of chickens has caused international repercussions. Meanwhile, in Europe, according to Jez et al., (2011), the rapid growth of consumption of cuts and especially processed products, for which the origin of the raw material is not promoted, has favoured imports from new producing regions which are highly competitive on the global market, like Brazil among others. In response some countries which were not meeting domestic demand, such as Poland and Germany, increased production, whereas the production of leaders such as France and the United Kingdom decreased. According to Magdelaine (2008), the poultry French industry reached its maximum production at the end of the 90s, and then started to decline. Since then, the current picture of French poultry was set, characterised by a structural crisis that has resulted in a reduction in the volume of chicken produced by around 25% (equivalent to 550 tons of carcass). This decline in French production is primarily due to a loss of competitiveness in the light of the sharp reduction of exports extra and intra European Union, and an increase in imports. At the same time, domestic consumption, after reaching a maximum in 2001, stabilised and the market was heavily segmented allowing an increase of imported meat. Over the last ten years, poultry production in France, which remains Europe's leading poultry-meat producer and exporter to non-EU countries, has decreased by 20% (Jez et al., 2011). The different characteristics of Brazil and France supply chains of poultry production lead to the establishment of different levels of environmental impacts. From the perspective of LCA, most of the environmental impacts of livestock production comes from the stage of feed production (raw materials), as already demonstrated by several authors (Carlsson-Kanyama, 1998; Cederberg and Mattsson, 2000; Basset-Mens and van der Werf, 2005; Pelletier, 2008; Thomassen et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2009), which draws attention to the origin of the raw material. Part of the soybean used in feed for chickens in France comes from Brazil. So the impacts of soy production (including deforestation) should be considered as part of the impact of the chickens produced in France. According to Patentreger and Billon (2008), 74% of imports of soybeans
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