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PARALLEL SESSION 3C: SHEEP AND DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Table 4. Effect of feeding strategy and LCA method (ACLA and CLCA) on GHG emission from feed production ALCA CLCA Strategy Local Import Local Import GHG from feed 1) , g CO2e/kg ECM From growing the feed 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.19 From processing the feed 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 From transport 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.05 From LUC (direct or indirect) 0 0.23 0.15 0.15 From LU 0.21 0.19 0.26 0.26 Total 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25 Total, including LUC 0.22 0.48 0.41 0.40 Total, including LUC and LU 0.44 0.67 0.67 0.66 Land use, m 2 / kg ECM 0.90 1.01 1.07 1.06 1 GHG emissions related to feed production (only for cows) calculated per kg milk produced 4. Discussion From the present study it becomes clear that choice of method strongly affects the calculation of CF of feed. Which LCA approach should be used depends on the goal and scope of the study (Thomassen et al., 2008). ALCA seeks to quantify the fraction of the global environmental impact related to the product, whereas CLCA seeks to capture change in environmental impact as a consequence of a certain activity. The present study, using ALCA, showed a huge impact contribution from LUC when feeding is based on feed import from areas where deforestation takes place. However, the choice of method to account for emissions from LUC is critical, and so far there is no consensus on which method is best for inclusion of GHG emissions from LUC. Therefore, it is recommended to present the results in relation to LUC separately. The use of the CLCA method clarifies that for planning animal feeding in the future, a key measure is to reduce the land use rate per unit of product output, i.e. to increase land use efficiency. Land is a limited resource so that an increase in demand for land would cause indirect LUC elsewhere. In addition, it is important to consider soil carbon storage or loss potential of different land use types. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, there were large variations in CF of different feedstuffs and especially between concentrated feed and home grown roughage. However, when calculating CF of a complete feed ration for cows using an attributional approach, the main reason for the difference was related to contribution from transport, and in particular from direct LUC. However, if calculated based on consequential LCA. there was only a minor difference in total GHG emissions between a ‘local’ and an ‘import’ feeding strategy, as the burden of indirect LUC was attributed to any type of feed, no matter it is local or imported. 6. Acknowledgement This study was funded through the ÖSK Interreg IV A Programme project ‘REKS – Regional nöt och lammköttsproduktion – en tillväxtmotor’ funded by the European Union. 7. References Audsley, E., Brander, M., Chatterton, J., Murphy-Bokern, D., Webster, C., and Williams, A. (2009). How low can we go? An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the UK food system and the scope for to reduction them by 2050. How low can we go? WWF- UK. BSI, 2008. PAS2050. Specification for the assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services. Dalgaard, R., Schmidt, J., Halberg, N., Christensen, P., Thrane, M., Pengue, W.A. 2008. LCA of soybean meal. Int. J. LCA. 13, 240- 254. Ecoinvent Centre, 2010. Ecoinvent Data v2.2. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland. http://www.ecoinvent.ch. Elsgaard, L. 2010. GHG emission from cultivation of winter wheat and winter rapeseed for biofuels. Report requested by the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University. 34 pp. Gyldenkærne, S., Albrektsen, R. 2008. Revurdering af ammoniakemissionen 2003-2007. Baggrundsnotat til vandmiljøplan III. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark. Hermansen, J.E., Kristensen, T., 2011. Management options to reduce the carbon footprint of livestock products.Animal Frontier. 1 (1), 33-39. IPCC, 2006. IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html 325
PARALLEL SESSION 3C: SHEEP AND DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Kristensen, . T, Mogensen, L., Knudsen, M.T., Hermansen, J.E., 2011. Effect of production system and farming strategy on greenhouse gas emissions from commercial dairy farms in a life cycle approach. Livestock Sci 140, 136-148. Mikkelsen M.H., Gyldenkærne, S., Poulsen, H.D., Olesen, J.E., Sommer, S.G., 2006. Emission of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from Danish Agriculture 1985 – 2002. Methodology and Estimates. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. 90 pp –Research Notes from NERI No. 231. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/AR231.pdf. Nielsen, P.H., Nielsen, A.M., Weidema, B.P., Dalgaard, R., Halberg, N. 2003. LCA Food data Base. www.LcaFood.dk Nielsen, O.-K., Lyck, E., Mikkelsen, M.H., Hoffmann, L., Gyldenkærne, S., Winther, M., Nielsen, M., Fauser, P., Thomsen, M., Plejdrup, M.S., Albrektsen, R., Hjelgaard, K., Vesterdal, L., Møller, I.S. & Baunbæk, L. 2009. Denmark’s National Inventory Report 2009. Emission Inventories 1990-2007 - Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. 826 pp. – NERI Technical Report No. 724. Plantedirektoratet, 2010. Vejledning om gødskning og harmoniregler. Ministeriet for Fødevarer. Landbrug og Fiskeri. 118 pp. Thomassen, M., Dalgaard, R., Heijungs, R., de Boer, I., 2008. Atrtributional and Consequential LCA of milk production. International Journal of Life Cycle Assesment. 13, 339-349. Vleeshouwers, L.M., Verhagen, A., 2002. Carbon emission and sequestration by agricultural land use: a model study for Europe. Global Change Biologi. 8, 519-530. 326
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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