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PLENARY SESSION 2: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Whereas the choice of method for co-product handling depends on the scope of GHG modelling in dairy farming the stochastic model approach gave an insight into robustness and variation of model outcomes within each method for co-product handling. This is of special importance identifying cost-effective GHG abatement options. In the search for cost-effective GHG abatement options further side effects of changes in farming systems as the impact on other environmental and social indicators need to be investigated. 5. References AMI (Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft) (Ed) 2011. Markt Bilanz Milch 2011/Getreide Ölsaaten Futtermittel 2011/ Markt Bilanz Vieh und Fleisch. Bonn. Bortz, J., Weber, R., 2005. Statistik für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler. Springer Medizin, Heidelberg. Crosson, P., Shalloo, L., O'Brien, D., Lanigan, G.J., Foley, P.A., Boland, T.M., Kenny, D.A., 2011. A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166- 67 (SI), 29–45. Dalgaard, R., Schmidt, J., Halberg, N., Christensen, P., Thrane, M., Pengue, W.A., 2008. LCA of soybean meal. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13, 240-254. Dämmgen, U., Haenel, H.-D., Rösemann, C., Hutchings, J., Brade, W., Lebzien, P., 2009. Improved national calculation procedures to assess requirements, nitrogen and VS excretions of dairy cows in the German emission model GAS-EM. Landbauforschung 59, 233-252. Flysjö, A., Cederberg, C., Henriksson, M., Ledgard, S., 2011. How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden. Int J Life Cycle Assess 16, 420-430. Flysjö, A., Cederberg, C., Henriksson, M., Ledgard, S., 2012. The interaction between milk and beef production and emissions from land use change - critical consideration in life cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies of milk. Journal of Cleaner Production 28, 134-142. Haenel, H. 2010. Calculations of Emissions from German Agriculture – National Emission Inventory Report (NIR) 2010 for 2008,Sonderheft 334. vTI, Braunschweig. IDF, 2010. A common carbon footprint approach for dairy. The IDF guide to standard lifecycle assessment methodology for the dairy sector. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation 445:41. IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Paris, France. ISO, 2006. Environmental management – life cycle assessment – requirements and guidelines. ISO14044:2006(E). ISO, Geneva. Jentsch, W., Piatkowski, B., Schweigel, M., Derno, M., 2009. Quantitative results for methane production of cattle in Germany. Archiv für Tirzucht – Archives of Animal Breeding 52, 587-592. Kirchgeßner, M., Windisch, W., Müller, H.L., 1995. Nutritional Factors for the Quantification of Methane Production, in: Engelhardt, W., Leonhard-Marek, S., Giesecke, D. (Eds.), Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Berlin. Lesschen, J.P., van den Berg, M., Westhoek, H.J., Witzke, H.P., Oenema, O., 2011. Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock sectors. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-67 (SI), 16–28. Murray, K., Conner, M.M., 2009. Methods to quantify variable importance: implications for the analysis of noisy ecological data. Ecology 90 (5), 1425-1425 Pannell, D.J., 1997. Sensitivity analysis of normative economic models: theoretical framework and practical strategies. Agricultural Economics 16 (2). 139–152. Walker, W., Harremoes, P., Rotmans, J., van der Sluijs J.P., van Asselt M.B.A., Janssen, P., Krayer Krauss, M. von, 2003. Defining Uncertainty: A Conceptual Basis for Uncertainty Management in Model-Based Decision Support. Integrated Assessment 4 (1), 5–17. Zehetmeier, M., Baudracco, J., Hoffmann, H., Heißenhuber, A., 2012. Does increasing milk yield reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A system approach. Animal 6, 154-166. ZMP, various volumes. ZMP Getreide Ölsaaten Futtermittel/ Marktbilanz Milch / Vieh und Fleisch - Deutschland, Europäische Union, Weltmarkt. Bonn. 221
PLENARY SESSION 2: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 222 Towards a sustainable animal production sector: potential and problems of LCA Imke J.M. de Boer * , Corina E. van Middelaar Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Corresponding author. E-mail: Imke.deBoer@wur.nl ABSTRACT A transition to a sustainable animal production sector requires an integrated life cycle assessment of potential innovations. At this moment, however, this transition process is hindered by the complexity and the uncertainty of the combined effect of an innovation on the diverse issues of sustainability. There is an urgent need to develop science-based tools that integrate socio-economic and an environmental impact along the chain to gain insight into the multidimensional and sometimes conflicting consequences of GHG mitigation options. Keywords: animal production, uncertainty, life cycle sustainability assessment, stakeholder participation 1. Introduction Animal production is surrounded by concerns around its environmental impact, the health and welfare of animals, the safety of animal products, and its impact on human health. Acknowledging these concerns, Dutch stakeholders along the animal production chain agreed to join forces in the transition towards a competitive sector that produces with respect for animals, humans, and the environment. A lot of research has been directed at feeding, breeding, technological or management innovations to improve sustainability performance of the animal production sector. Moreover, industry partners and other stakeholders start to invest in development of science-based tools to improve and monitor their sustainability performance (www.sustainabilityconsortium.org). The aim of this paper is to review potentials and problems related to using life cycle assessment (LCA) in the transition to a sustainable animal production sector. We used GHG mitigation as a case study to illustrate the potential and problems of using LCA in the field of animal production. 2. Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production Livestock production is recognized to contribute significantly to emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs, Steinfeld et al., 2006), mainly through emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). CO2 is released from combustion of fossil fuels to power machinery, from burning of biomass, and from microbial decay related to, for example, changes in land use or in crop management (Janzen, 2004). CO2 can be sequestered also by transforming arable land into permanent grassland. CH4 is produced when organic matter decomposes in oxygen deprived conditions, for example, during enteric fermentation (especially in ruminants) and storage of manure (Mosier et al., 1998). CH4 is also inadvertently released during fossil fuel extraction and refining. N2O is released during microbial transformation of nitrogen in the soil or in manure (i.e. nitrification of NH4 + into NO3 -, and incomplete denitrification of NO3 - into N2; (Oenema et al., 2005) as well as during nitrate fertiliser production. We explored studies that addressed options to mitigate GHG emissions in the animal production chain (De Boer et al., 2011). Mitigation options considered are: reducing enteric methane (CH4) emission from ruminants, anaerobic manure digestion, and increasing annual milk yield per cow. 2.1 Reducing enteric CH4 emission from ruminants Several studies explored the CH4 reduction potential of feeding strategies at animal level (Ellis et al., 2008; Grainger and Beauchemin, 2011). A feeding strategy with potential to reduce enteric CH4 emission, for example, is replacing grass silage by maize silage in a cow’s diet (Mills et al., 2001; Beauchemin et al., 2008). Dijkstra et al., (2011) showed that replacing 50% of the grass silage for maize silage in a diet containing 30% concentrates and 70% grass silage reduces enteric CH4 levels with about 5%. Focusing at the animal level, this is a promising strategy to reduce GHG emissions. Literature, however, also shows that dietary manipulation not only changes enteric CH4 emissions, but also manure composition, and hence N2O emissions from storage and application of manure (Chianese et al., 2009; Kebreab et al., 2010). Furthermore, replacing grass silage by maize silage might change the farm plan, i.e., part of the grassland will be ploughed for maize land. Ploughing grassland for maize land results in CO2 and N2O emissions, due to a change in soil carbon and nitrogen levels (Vellinga et al., 2011; Van Middelaar et al., 2012a). Moreover, cultivating maize
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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Table of Contents for Sessions TUES
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