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PARALLEL SESSION 2B: EMISSIONS MODELLING 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Table 1. Comparison of model calculations. Conventional tillage Reduced tillage N2O sionsemis- based Difference on N2O sionsemis- based Difference on N2O emissons based on new on 2006 IPCC model the basis of IPCC model N2O emissons based on new on 2006 IPCC model the basis of IPCC model Crop rotation model [kg/ha] [kg/ha] in [%] model [kg/ha] [kg/ha] in [%] Winter wheat 3.52 3.80 -7 2.96 3.69 -20 Sunflower 2.26 2.44 -8 1.96 2.45 -20 Spealt 2.88 3.11 -7 2.89 3.43 -16 Clover grass 3.16 3.48 -9 2.62 3.60 -27 Clover grass 5.66 5.93 -5 5.50 6.32 -13 Silage corn 1.21 1.42 -15 1.88 2.86 -34 Winter wheat 1.93 2.14 -10 1.65 2.28 -28 Average -9 -23 4. Discussion Our model presented in Fig. 1 reflects the nature of organic fertilisers considering its predominant mode of action via the soil C-N pool. By integrating the coupled biogeochemical cycles of C and N, nitrogen immobilisation and mineralisation are included in the N2O emission calculations. Different organic fertilisers are differentiated in the model by the fraction of available N, organically bound N, and the C content. Other characteristics of organic fertilisers such as the liquid phase in the case of slurry are not considered in the model. Even though due to its liquid phase slurry might enhance denitrification and by that possibly leads to higher N2O emissions. However, compared to solid organic fertilisers this characteristic of slurry might be of significant difference in the first period after application only. Our model calculates long term N2O emissions from annual N inputs where such short-term effects are interfered with climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation. Site specific climatic conditions can be considered in the model by using site specific emission factors. A first test with measured N2O emissions shows a high correlation to the N2O emissions calculated by our model (Fig. 2). Different fertiliser treatments including mineral fertiliser and plant residues only were reliably calculated. The reason for the fact that the model didn’t reproduce the exact measured values is because we used the default IPCC emission factors (IPCC, 2006). Using site-specific emission factors the model will produce the measured values with high accuracy. In cases where there is a build-up of SOC like under reduced or no-tillage cultivation practices combined with high organic matter input through organic fertilisers and crop residues our model calculates lower N2O emission due to a higher long-term immobilisation of N (Table 1). There are studies, though, that show higher denitrification activities under reduced or no tillage cultivation practices than under conventional tillage resulting in higher N2O emissions (Palma et al., 1997; Steinbach and Alvarez, 2006). However, the meaning of such studies for long-term emission patterns under reduced or no-tillage management are still unsure and discussed controversially (Mummey et al., 1998; Six et al., 2004; Steinbach and Alvarez, 2006). In a meta-analysis Steinbach and Alvarez (2006) found in Pampean agroecosystems increasing N2O emissions under no-till. The authors conclude that the mitigation potential of no-till due to C sequestration might be overcome in about 35 years. In contrast, Six et al., (2004) showed in a literature review analysing studies that compared no- and conventional tillage, N2O emissions seem to increase in newly converted no-tillage systems but over a period of 10 years in humid climates and a period of 20 years in dry climates N2O emissions decrease and overall net GWP is reduced under no-tillage cultivation practices. Further, in cases where there is a build-up of SOC our model would also deliver lower N2O emissions for mineral fertiliser applied under reduced or no-tillage cultivation practices due to immobilisation of N from crop residue decomposition. 5. Conclusion Our model-simulations support earlier findings that the IPCC model overestimates N2O emissions from organic fertilisers in certain cases. However, our model has to be further validated with field measurements of N2O especially under cultivation practices that result in a build-up of SOC. By including N mineralisation and immobilisation in N2O emissions’ calculations our model reflects field situations with higher accuracy than the IPCC 2006 model. It accounts for the different dynamics of N from organic fertilisers and crop residues. By including the C cycle, which is influenced by climatic conditions, soil conditions, and management practices, factors beyond the N input influencing N2O emissions are also 181
PARALLEL SESSION 2B: EMISSIONS MODELLING 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 considered. The integration of the coupled biogeochemical cycling of C and N in our model further allows for inclusion of C sequestration. Based on our results, when modelling soil borne N2O emissions within LCA inventories from organic fertilisers and crop residues we propose to take into account the N pathway via the C-N pool of the soil using our model. 6. References Alberta Agriculture and Food, 2007. Alberta agriculture statistics yearbook 2006. Alberta Agriculture and Food, Economics and Competitiveness Division, Statistics and Data Development Unit, Edmonton, Canada. Alluvione, F., Bertora, C., Zavattaro, L., Grignani, C., 2010. Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Following Green Manure and Compost Fertilization in Corn. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74, 384-395. Berner, A., Hildermann, I., Fließbach, A., Pfiffner, L., Niggli, U., Mäder, P., 2008. Crop yield and soil fertility response to reduced tillage under organic management. Soil Till. Res. 101, 89-96. Delgado, J.A., Del Grosso, S.J., Ogle, S.M., 2010. (15)N isotopic crop residue cycling studies and modeling suggest that IPCC methodologies to assess residue contributions to N(2)O-N emissions should be reevaluated. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 86, 383-390. Ellert, B.H., Janzen, H.H., 2008. Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane emissions from irrigated cropping systems as influenced by legumes, manure and fertilizer. Can. J. Soil Sci. 88, 207-217. FAO, 2001. Lecture notes on the major soils of the world. World soil resources reports, Vol. 94; FAO, Rome. Favoino, E., Hogg, D., 2008. the potential role of compost in reducing greenhouse gases. Waste Manage. Res. 26, 61-69. Gutser, R., Ebertseder, T., Weber, A., Schraml, M., Schmidhalter, U., 2005. Short-term and residual abailabiltiy of nitrogen after long-term application of organic fertilizers on arable land. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 168, 439-446. IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Volume 4 Agriculture, forestry and other land use. Hayama, Japan. Jung, R., 2003. Stickstoff-Fixierleistung von Luzerne (Medicago sativa L.), Rotklee (Trifolium pratense L.) und Persischme Klee (Trifolium resupinatum L.) in Reinsaat und Gemenge mit Poaceen. Experimentelle Grundlagen und Kalkulationsverfahren zur Ermittlung der Stickstoff-Flächenbilanz. Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, p. 366. Kissinger, W.F., Koelsch, R.K., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., 2007. Characteristics of manure harvested from beef cattle feedlots. Appl. Eng. Agric. 23, 357-365. Mummey, D.L., smith, J.L., Bluhm, G., 1998. Assessment of alternative soil management practices on N2O emissions from US agriculture. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 70, 79-87. Palma, R.M., Rímolo, M., Saubidet, M.I., Conti, M.E., 1997. Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils. Biol. Fert. Soils 25, 142-146. Six, J., Ogle, S.M., Breidt, J.F., Conant, R.T., Mosier, A.R., Paustian, K., 2004. The potential to mitigate global warming with notillage management is only realized when practised in the long term. Global Change Biol. 10, 155-160. Steinbach, H.S., Alvarez, R., 2006. Changes in soil organic carbon contents and nitrous oxide emissions after introduction of no-till in Pampean agroecosystems. J. Environ. Qual. 35, 3-13. 182
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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Table of Contents for Sessions TUES
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KEYNOTE SESSION 8 th Int. Conferenc
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