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PARALLEL SESSION 2A: LAND USE 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 This implies that the results presented should not be interpreted on face value. We did not calculate the actual land required for food in 1800. For the determination of that value we should have included imports, technological improvements etc and we should have had insights in the reliability of the data. The value of the analysis presented here is in the developments over time and the interrelation in food consumption patterns and agricultural production. This analysis provides some interesting insights. In the first place it is striking that 200 years ago dairy played such a vital role in the Dutch consumption pattern. This is in contrast with the patterns observed on a global scale: namely that the consumption of animal origin products only starts when a certain level of welfare is reached. The large consumption of milk in the early 19th century is also mentioned in more qualitative food consumption studies (Jobse-van Putten, 1995) they mention that Dutch households consumed a milk based meal (mainly porridge) 14 times a week (so 2 times a day!). With respect to the production: the crop yields remained more or less constant in the 19th century and after the second world war huge yield improvements were obtained. Crop yields went up with a factor 4-8. But differences between crops were recognised. Some crops disappeared from the agricultural system like buckwheat and others became of minor importance (rye). The consequence of all these changes is a fast decline of land required for food per person from 1.4 to 0.2 ha per person. This value is in accordance with other studies on land requirements for food in the Netherlands (Gerbens-Leenes et al., 2002; Gerbens-Leenes and Nonhebel, 2002). They determined the land required for food in The Netherlands in 1990, in a far more detailed way: including imports, present day technologies, far more detailed information on the consumption pattern etc. In the studied period land requirements for food per person was reduced by a factor of 8. However, in the same timespan the population increased from 2 to 17 million people, so the total amount of land needed to feed the Dutch population remained actually constant. In a recent study on global changes in land requirements for food in the last 50 years, this decline in land per person is found in most regions in the world (Kastner et al., 2012). The magnitude of the decline is smaller than calculated here. For a part this can be explained by the high crop yields that are obtained in the intensive Dutch agricultural system. The yields in the Netherlands tend to be the highest in the world; with the same menu the land requirements are smallest. Another important feature is the high animal product consumption in the Netherlands 200 years ago. The land requirements for meat are determined by the yields of the crops used for feed. Roughly 4 kg of feed are required for 1 kg of meat. A menu mainly based on staple foods requires less land than a menu with meat. For the Dutch situation we observe a decline in the consumption of animal products over the time studied, in combination with the increased yields this leads to the huge decline in land required for food. This decline is typical for the Dutch situation and cannot be generalised to the rest of the world. 5 Conclusions In 200 years large changes in the Dutch consumption patterns can be recognized. The share of dairy, rye and buckwheat declined and the share of wheat, meat, sugar and vegetable oils increased. The agricultural production system also changed a lot: after the Second World War an increase of the productivity with a factor 4 was obtained. The combination of the change in diets and the change in agricultural productivity led to a reduction of the land required to feed a person from 1.4 ha in 1800 to 0.2 ha in 2000. 6 References Aarts, H. F. M., Daatselaar, C. H. G., Holshof, G., 2005. Bemesting en opbrengst van productiegrasland in Nederland. Plant Research International B.V. Wageningen. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Nonhebel, S., 2002. Consumption patterns and their effects on land required for food. Ecological Economics 42, 185–199. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Nonhebel, S., Ivens, W.P.M.F., 2002. A method to determine land requirements relating to food consumption patterns. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 90, 47–58. Jobse-van Putten, J., 1995. Eenvoudig maar voedzaam: cultuurgeschiedenis van de dagelijkse maaltijd in Nederland. Nijmegen: SUN. Kastner, T., & Nonhebel, S., 2010. Changes in land requirements for food in the Philippines: A historical analysis. Land Use Policy 27, 853-863 Kastner, T., Ibarrola Rivas, M.J., Koch, W., Nonhebel, S., 2012. Global changes in diets and the consequences for land requirements for food. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 6868-6872 Knibbe, M. T., 2007. De hoofdelijke beschikbaarheid van voedsel en de levensstandaard in Nederland 1807 – 1913. Tijdschrift voor sociale en economische geschiedenis, 4, 71-107. Miedema, H.J., 2011. Developments in the Dutch diets: dynamics on two centuries of land requirements for food in the Netherlands. Master Thesis, University of Groningen. EES 2011-125T. 141
PARALLEL SESSION 2A: LAND USE 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Smits, J. P., & van der Bie R. J., 2003. Tweehonderd jaar statistiek in tijdreeksen 1800–1999. Voorburg / Heerlen: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Sneller, Z. W., 1943. Geschiedenis van den Nederlandschen landbouw 1795 – 1940. Groningen: J.B. Wolters Uitgevers- Maatschappij N.V. 7 Appendix Conversion factors used (source: Miedema, 2011) 142 Food products and calorific value Wheat Rye Barley Buckwheat Potatoes Rice Raisins Fruits and vegetables Milk Milk excluding butter Butter Vegetable oils Margarine Diet-margarine Beef Pork Poultry Eggs Fish Sugar Wine Beer Distilled Coffee Tea kcal/kg 3340 3190 3320 3300 670 3600 400 200 620 620 7170 8840 7200 3630 2250 2360 1220 1480 1050 4000 750 400 1980 560 400 Primary products and calorific value Wheat Rye Barley Buckwheat Potatoes Rice Grapes Fruits and vegetables Milk Milk Milk Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat Sugarbeets Grapes Barley Barley Coffee Tea kcal/kg 3340 3190 3320 3300 670 3600 530 200 620 620 620 4940 4940 4940 3340 3340 3340 3340 3340 700 530 3320 3320 560 400 Conversion factor Calorific value food product / Calorific value primary product 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 11.56 1.79 1.46 0.73 4.00 4.00 3.00 1.25 1.00 5.71 1.42 0.12 0.60 1.00 1.00
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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ORAL SESSIONS 8 th International Co
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KEYNOTE SESSION 8 th Int. Conferenc
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