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PARALLEL SESSION 7B: BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Table 2. Effect of stocking on greenhouse gas emissions per kg of beef carcass and per hectare and the source and percentage of the total contribution to the total greenhouse gas emissions for steer/heifer production systems Organic Nitrogen (kg/ha) 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 Total emissions per kg beef carcass (kg) 22.2 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.1 Total emissions per hectare (t) 9.2 9.9 10.5 11.2 11.9 12.6 13.3 14.0 Enteric fermentation (%) 48.2 47.9 47.6 47.4 47.2 46.9 46.7 46.5 Manure management (%) 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.1 Soils (%) 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Indirect nitrous oxide (%) 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 Diesel use (%) 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Purchased inputs (%) 11.5 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.9 13.1 13.3 4. Discussion In this study, a partial LCA model was developed to evaluate GHG emissions from Irish steer beef production systems. Ireland exports approximately 90% of its beef output (Breen et al., 2010) and due to the increased awareness of carbon footprint by society and consumer preference for ‘low carbon-footprint’ food (Schulte et al., 2011), it is important to quantify the carbon footprint of agricultural products. Nitrous oxide emissions are generated by the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers and the deposition of faecal and urine nitrogen by livestock. The quantity of CH4 emissions are determined primarily by the numbers of livestock and its main source is from animal digestion (enteric fermentation), followed by manure management where liquid manure storage systems predominate (Crosson et al., 2011). Emissions per kg of beef carcass in this study were similar to other studies of Irish beef production systems (Casey and Holden, 2006; Foley et al., 2011). The marginally lower values in the study of Foley et al., (2011) are due to the lower fertiliser N applied in their study compared to the present study and differences in emission factors applied. The developed model was applied to examine the effect of stocking rate on greenhouse gas emissions. Stocking rate is the most important factor affecting production and profitability on farms (Fales et al., 1995; Crosson and McGee, 2011; Horan et al., 2012). Higher stocking rates due to increased fertiliser N/ha applied in this study lead to greater GHG emissions. White et al., (2010) reported simalar findings on New Zealand beef and sheep farms. Neufeldt et al., (2006) found that greenhouse gas emissions on a per hectare basis were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.85) to the stocking rates on farms in Germany and suggested that stocking rates are good indicators of overall agricultural GHG emissions. Emissions efficiency in terms of net margin per tonne of CO2e suggests that there is lower profitability per unit of GHG emission at lower stocking rates. As a result of EU emissions reductions targets, national governments have must establish respective targets for their own jurisdictions. However, this analysis has shown that production systems which minimize emissions on an area and product based basis also result in lower profitability. Furthermore, the analysis has shown that profitability can be increased substantially by operating at higher stocking rates with only modest increases in GHG emissions per kg beef carcass albeit with substantial increases in GHG emissions per hectare. It is apparent that concomitantly achieving GHG efficient and profitable production systems are possible provided that emissions intensity (GHG emissions per unit product) is the metric used. 5. Conclusion The developed model is a useful tool in evaluating GHG emissions from beef farms in Ireland This study shows that increasing stocking rate via increased fertiliser nitrogen application rates and higher grass utilisation rates lead to increased profitability on beef farms with only modest increases in GHG emissions. 6. References Baudracco, J., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Romero, L.A., Scandolo, D., Maceil, M., Comeron, E.A., Holmes, C.W. & Barry, T. N. (2011). Effects of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production and reproduction of supplemented crossbred Holstein-Jersey dairy cows grazing lucerne pasture. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 168, 131-143. Breen, J.P., Donnellan, T. & Westhoff, P. (2010). Food for Thought: EU Climate Change Policy Presents New Challenges for Agriculture. EuroChoices 9, 24-29. Casey, J.W. and Holden, N.M. (2006). Greenhouse gas emission from conventional, agri-environmental scheme, and organic Irish suckler-beef units. J. Env. Qual. 35, 231-239. Crosson, P., O’Kiely, P., O’Mara, F.P. & Wallace, M. (2006). The development of a mathematical model to investigate Irish beef production systems. Agric. Sys. 89, 349-370. Crosson, P. (2008). The impact of cow genotype on the profitability of grassland-based suckler beef production in Ireland. In: Proceedings of the 22 nd Annual Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Uppsala, Sweden, 9-12 June, p 771. 613
PARALLEL SESSION 7B: BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Crosson, P. & McGee, M. (2011). Suckler beef production in Ireland: challenges and opportunities. Teagasc, National Beef Conference, 5 th April, Kilkenny, Ireland. http://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2011/475/PaulCrossonMarkMcGee.pdf Crosson, P., Shalloo, L., O’Brien, D., Lanigan, G.J., Foley, P.A., & Boland, T.M. (2011). A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems. Ani. Feed. Sci. and Tech. 166-167, 29-45. Drennan, M.J., and McGee, M. (2009). Performance of spring-calving beef suckler cows and their progeny to slaughter on intensive and extensive grassland management systems. Livest. Sci.120, 1-12. EPA, 2011a. Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas emissions in 2010. 9/11/2011. Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. EPA, 2011b. Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2010-2020. Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford, Ireland. Fales, S.L., Muller, L.D., Ford, S.A., O’Sullivan, M., Hoover, R.J., Holden, L.A., Lanyon, L.E. & Buckmaster, D.R. (1995). Stocking rate affects production and profitability in a rotationally grazed pasture system. J. Prod. Agric. 8, 88-96. Foley, P.A., Crosson, P., Lovett, D.K., Boland, T.M., O’Mara, F.P., Kenny, D.A. (2011). Whole-farm systems modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral suckler beef cow production systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 142, 222-230. French, P., O’Donovan, M., Horan, B. & Shalloo, L. (2010). What is the optimum stocking rate to maximize profitability of grass based milk production? Ir. Grassl. Ass. J. 44, 16-22. Horan, B., McCarthy, B. & Brennan A. (2012). The effect of stocking rate and calving date on the characteristics of milk production systems post milk quotas. http://www.agresearch.teagasc.ie/moorepark/Articles/Curtins%20A%20Review_V2.pdf Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2006. IPCC guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, In: Eggleston, H., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K. (Eds.), The National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IGES, Japan. International Organisation of Standardisation (ISO), (2006). Environment Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework. EN ISO 14040. MacDonald, K.A., Penno, J.W., Lancaster, J.A.S. & Roche J.R. (2008). Effect of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production and reproduction of dairy cows in pasture-bases systems. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 2151-2163. Microsoft Corporation, 2003. http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/ 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington, USA. Neufeldt, H. Schafer, M., Angenendt, E., Li, C., Kaltschmitt, M. & Zeddies, J. (2006). Disaggregated greenhouse gasd emission inventories form agriculture via a coupled economic-ecosystem model. Agric., Ecosyst. Env. 112, 233-240. Nguyen T.L.T., Hermansen, J.E. & Mogensen L. (2010). Environmental consequences of different beef production systems in the EU. J. Clean. Prod. 18, 756-766. Peters G.M., Rowley, H.V., Wiedemann, S., Tucker, R., Short, M.D. & Schulz M. (2010). Red meat production in Australia: life cycle assessment and comparison with overseas studies. Env. Sci. and Tech.44, 1327-1332. PRé Consultants (2011). SimaPro 7.2 method. In: Database Manual. Pré Consultants B.V., Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Roy, P., Orikasa, T., Thammawong, M., Nakamura, N., Xu, Q., Shiina, T. (2012). Life cycle of meats: an opportunity to abate the greenhouse gas emission from meat industry in Japan. J. Env. Man. 93, 218-224. Schulte R.P.O., Lanigan, G, Gibson, M. (2011). Irish Agriculture, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change: Opportunities, obstacles and proposed solutions. Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow. White, T.A., Snow, V.O. & McG King, W. (2010). Intensification of New Zealand beef farming systems. Agric. Syst. 103, 21–35. 614
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