LCA Food 2012 in Saint Malo, France! - Manifestations et colloques ...

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PARALLEL SESSION 7A: CONSUMERS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 Beef from semi-natural pastures, organic Beef from semi-natural pastures Organic beef, KRAV label Organic beef, EU label Swedish beef, Svensk Sigill label Swedish generic beef Irish generic beef Polish and German generic beef South-American generic beef Figure 1. The beef section of the Swedish meat guide Carbon footprint Biodiversity Pesticides and antibiotics Animal welfare It might seem strange to include legumes, as well as eggs and cheese, in what is called a meat guide. The reason for including these alternatives was partly to avoid sub-optimisations from exchanging meat for cheese, a product with considerable environmental impact. Another reason was to show and discuss the possibility of exchanging some meat consumption for plant-based protein sources, which inherently has considerably lower impacts and no associated animal welfare issues. Many studies show that in future sustainable food supply systems, meat consumption in the developed world needs to decrease considerably (see e.g. Foley et al., 2011), which is why we believed it to be important to also show the environmental impacts of other protein sources. Another area of possible criticism concerning the design of the meat guide is the inclusion of pesticide use and use of antibiotics in the same category. This was done due to the strong desire to keep the number of indicators to a maximum of four in order to limit the complexity of the guide. Although the use of pesticides and antibiotics is unrelated, they do have some common features. They are both chemical inputs to production systems that might leak into the environment and affect ecosystems and species, and the use of both can be limited by taking precautionary measures (well-designed crop rotations in the case of pesticides and preventive health programs in the case of antibiotics). In this first version of the guide, use of pesticides and antibiotics are presented as LCI results rather than LCIA results. In later versions this could be improved by using LCIA models to capture e.g. variations in toxicity effects between different pesticides. The design of the criteria for the different indicators and the choice of the indicators involved subjective judgements. This is unavoidable when condensing a large amount of scientific literature down to consumer communications. However, many experts and representatives from trade organisations, authorities and NGOs were involved in development of the criteria and the indicators chosen were as robust and wellconceived as possible. All underlying assumptions are openly presented in the meat guide, so although there might be different opinions as to how the criteria should be developed and how different production systems should be valued, the guide could function as a basis for discussion and raise awareness of the issues related to livestock production. This was the primary objective with the meat guide as well as making an attempt to make LCA results on the food product category with the greatest environmental impact (meat) accessible to the wider public. 5. Conclusions Basing choice of meat on an environmental impact and animal welfare perspective is complex and cannot be rely solely on the carbon footprint, as this can lead to goal conflicts. The meat guide described here attempts to condense and simplify the scientific literature in order to facilitate active choices by the ‘interested consumer’ and food professionals, while still capturing and explaining the complexity in comparing different production systems. This first attempt to develop a meat guide for the Swedish market has several limitations, but should provide guidance and can act as a basis for discussion in the important task of decreasing meat consumption and choosing better meat alternatives. 585
PARALLEL SESSION 7A: CONSUMERS 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 6. References Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J. and Weibull, A-C. 2005. The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a metaanalysis. Ecology 42, 261-269. Blonk, H., Marinussen, M., Goedkoop, M. 2010. Developing an LCA based consumer guide for environmental and animal welfare performance of meat/animal products. Proceedings of LCA Food 1, 381-386. de Baan, L., Alkemade, R., Koeller, T. 2012. Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int J of Life Cycle Assess. Published online: 24 April 2012. EMA (European Medicine Agency). 2011. Trends in the sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in nine European countries. Reporting period: 2005-2009. Eurostat. 2007. The use of plant protection products in the European production. Eurostat Statistical Books. 2007 edition. FAWC. 2012. Five freedoms. Farm Animal Welfare Council. London, UK. http://www.fawc.org.uk/freedoms.htm Foley, J., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K., Cassidy, E., Gerber, J., Johnston, M., Mueller, N., O’Connell, C., Ray, D., West, P., Balzer, C., Bennett, E., Carpenter, S., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D., Zaks, D. 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337-342. Geyer, R., Stoms, D., Lindner, J., Davis, F, Wittstock, B. 2010. Coupling GIS and LCA for biodiversity assessments of land use. Int J Life Cycle Assess 15, 692-703. Green, R., Cornell, S., Scharlemann, J., Balmford, A. 2005. Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science 307, 550-555. Henle, K., Alard, D., Clitherow, J., Cobb, P., Firbank, L., Kull, T., McCracken, D., Moritz, R., Niemelä, J., Rebane, M., Wascher, D., Watt, A., Young, J. 2008. Identifying and managing the conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe – A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 124, 60-71. MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Milá i Canals, L., Bauerm C., Depestele, J., Dubeuil, A., Knuchel, R.F., Gaillard, G, et al., 2007. Key elements in a framework for land use impact assessment within LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12(1), 5-15. Rahmann, G. 2011. Biodiversity and organic farming: What do we know? Landbauforschung Volkenrode 61 (3), 189-208. Röös, E. 2011. The trade-off between animal welfare and lowered emissions of greenhouse gases from pork production. Conference paper, 24 th Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists (NJF) Conference, Uppsala, Sweden. Juni 14-16, 2011. Röös, E. 2012. Mat-klimat-listan. Report 040. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Röös, E., Sundberg, C., Tidåker, P., Strid, I., Hansson, P-A. 2012. Can carbon footprint serve as an indicator of the environmental impact of meat production? Ecological Indicators, accepted for publication 120807. Schmidt, J. 2008. Development of LCIA characterisation factors for land use impacts on biodiversity. Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 1929-1942. SS (Statistics Sweden). 2008. Land use in Sweden. Fifth edition. 586
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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Table of Contents for Sessions TUES
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