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PARALLEL SESSION 6A: TOOLS AND DATABASES 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 5. Conclusion PalmGHG is a comprehensive GHG calculator representative of the state of the art in terms of available data and international methodologies for GHG accounting. Emphasis has been placed on information directly relevant to palm oil production that should be easily available at the mill level. However, default data are also provided for data which might not be available. Flexibility is also an important feature of PalmGHG, with options that allow for alternative calculations and methodology; the main example being assessment of net emissions per MJ for palm oil biodiesel. During pilot testing it was shown that PalmGHG can identify GHG emission ‘hot spots’, and so help to define GHG reduction strategies. Feedback from the pilot companies highlighted problems in collecting data, especially those for for three consequent years. It should however, be noted that difficulties related to data recording should progressively diminish once the monitoring of GHG emissions becomes routine. On the other hand, difficulties encountered when collecting data for out-growers are not so easily resolved and indicate a need for a specific strategy to help out-growers record and collect data on a routine basis. The results of the pilot and scenario testing provided an important information basis to design some of the recommendations to RSPO EB and communicate to a large audience on the work of RSPO GHG WG and the use of PalmGHG. Further recommendations of the GHG WG to RSPO EB refer e.g. to the characteristics that should be met by new plantations in order to ensure low GHG emissions. Further modifications to PalmGHG are still being made, notably to amend default values. Moreover, PalmGHG needs reprogramming to make it more user-friendly. The current spreadsheet is rather complex and not easy to follow. Software would allow users to quickly generate results, but at the same time provide means to readily change default parameters and undertake tests of alternative scenarios. 6. Acknowledgements The authors are very grateful to all who participated in the second RSPO GHG WG for their contributions and to the companies who took part in the pilot phase. We are also grateful to members of the RSPO EB for their continuing support; particular thanks are due to Dr Simon Lord for proposing the adoption of the GWAPP model and to Dr Timothy Killeen for guiding the development of PalmGHG. 7. References Achten, W. M. J., Almeida, J., Fobelets, V., Bolle, E., Mathijs, E., Singh, V. P., Tewari, D. N., Verchot, L. V., Muys, B., 2010a. Life cycle assessment of Jatropha biodiesel as transportation fuel in rural India. Appl. Energ. 87, (12) 3652-3660. Achten, W. M. J., Vandenbempt, P., Almeida, J., Mathijs, E., Muys, B., 2010b. Life Cycle Assessment of a Palm Oil System with Simultaneous Production of Biodiesel and Cooking Oil in Cameroon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, (12) 4809-4815. Arvidsson, R., Persson, S., Fröling, M., Svanström, M., 2011. Life cycle assessment of hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape, oil palm and Jatropha. J. Cleaner Prod. 19, (2-3) 129-137. Bessou, C., Vélu, A., Caliman, J.P. 2012. LCA of Palm Oil in Sumatra, Comparison of Cropping Systems. ICOPE Conference, 22-24 February 2012, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia BioGrace, 2010. European Project on “Harmonised Calculations of Biofuel Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Europe”; Project coordinator: John Neeft - Agentschap NL (Agency NL) (formerly SenterNovem). http://www.biograce.net./content/ghgcalculationtools/overview Chase, L.D.C. Henson, I.E., 2010. A detailed greenhouse gas budget for palm oil production. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 8(3), 199-214. Chavalparit, O., Rulkens, W. H., Mol, A. P. J., Khaodhair, S., 2006. Options for Environmental Sustainability of the Crude Palm Oil Industry in Thailand through enhancement of Industrial Ecosystems. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 8, (2) 271-287. Choo, Y. M., Muhamad, H., Hashim, Z., Subramaniam, V., Puah, C. W., Tan, Y., 2011. Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 16, 669-681. Chuchuoy, K., Paengjuntuek, W., Usubharatana, P., Phungrassami, H., 2009. Preliminary Study of Thailand Carbon Reduction Label: A Case Study of Crude Palm Oil Production. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 34, (2) 252–259. Environment Agency, 2002. Guidance on Landfill Gas Flaring. Bristol: Environment Agency. European Commission, 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the European Union, June 5th Germer, J., Sauerborn, J., 2008. Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 10, (6) 697-716. Gurmit S., 1995. Management and utilisation of oil palm by-products. The Planter. (71), 361-386. Henson I.E., 2005. OPRODSIM, a versatile, mechanistic simulation model of oil palm dry matter production and yield. In: Proceedings of PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Conference, 801-832. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Palm Oil Board. Henson I.E., 2009. Modelling carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions associated with oil palm cultivation and land-use change in Malaysia. A re-evaluation and a computer model. MPOB Technology, 31, 116 pp. IPCC, 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. WMO/UNEP. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html. IPCC, 2007. Fourth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2007 - Synthesis Report. WMO/UNEP. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4syr.htm. 503
PARALLEL SESSION 6A: TOOLS AND DATABASES 8 th Int. Conference on LCA in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-4 Oct 2012 JEC, 2007. Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context. Well-to-tank Report Version 2c, Appendix 1 and 2. JRC, EUCAR, CONCAWE. http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/WTW. Milà i Canals, L., Rigarlsford, G., Sim, S., 2012. Land use impact assessment of margarine. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. Omont H., 2010. Contributions de la production d'huile de palme au développement durable. Problématique générale, controverses. Ol. Corps Gras Li. 17 (6), 362-367. Page, S., Rieley, J. O., Banks, C. J., 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17, (2) 798-818. Pleanjai, S., Gheewala, S. H., Garivait, S., 2009. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of palm methyl ester in Thailand. Int. J. Glob. Warming. 1, (4) 418–431. Reijnders, L., Huijbregts, M. A. J., 2008. Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases. J. Cleaner Prod. 16, (4) 477- 482. RFA (2008) Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation. Technical Guidance Part 2 Carbon Reporting – Default Values and Fuel Chains. London: Renewable Fuels Agency. http://www.renewablefuelsagency.org/_db/_documents/RFA_ C&S_ Technical_Guidance_Part _2 _v1_200809194658.pdf RSPO, 2011. updated data on the webpage, visited on 10/02/2012: www.rspo.org Siangjaeo, S., Gheewala, S. H., Unnanon, K., Chidthaisong, A., 2011. Implications of land use change on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from palm biodiesel production in Thailand. Energ. Sust. Dev. 15, (1) 1-7. Stichnothe, H., Schuchardt, F., 2011. Life cycle assessment of two palm oil production systems. Biomass Bioenerg. 35, (9) 3976- 3984. Thamsiriroj, T., Murphy, J. D., 2009. Is it better to import palm oil from Thailand to produce biodiesel in Ireland than to produce biodiesel from indigenous Irish rape seed? Appl. Energ. 86, (5) 595-604. USDA, 2011. USDA report of Feb. 2011 Vijaya, S., Ma, A. N., Choo, Y. M. et Nik, M. N. S., 2008. Life cycle inventory of the production of crude palm oil - A gate to gate case study of 12 palm oil mills. J. Oil Palm Research. 20, 484-494. Wetlands International, 2010. A quick scan of peatlands in Malaysia. Wetlands International-Malaysia: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. 74 pp. Wicke, B., Dornburg, V., Junginger, M., Faaij, A., 2008. Different palm oil production systems for energy purposes and their greenhouse gas implications. Biomass Bioenerg. 32, (12) 1322-1337. Yacob, S., Hassan, M. A., Shirai, Y., Wakisaka, M., Subash, S., 2005. Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment. Chemosphere 59. (11) 1575-1581. Yusoff, S. et Hansen, S., 2007. Feasibility Study of Performing a Life Cycle Assessment on Crude Palm Oil Production in Malaysia (9 pp). Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 12, (1) 50-58. 504
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Welcome ii Soyez les bienvenus à L
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General Information 8 th Internatio
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Table of Contents for Sessions TUES
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ORAL SESSIONS 8 th International Co
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KEYNOTE SESSION 8 th Int. Conferenc
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