2294 part 1 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Disease Host Virulence Prevention and Control Occurrence of the disease in World (from 01/01/05 to 10/02/07) Vesicular stomatitis Human (minor zoonosis). • • No treatment No vaccine The disease is limited to the Americas. Peste de petits Ruminants Contagious Bovine Pleuropneu monia (CBPP) Lumpy skin disease Domestic hosts: equidae, bovidae, suidae. Wild hosts: whitetailed deer and numerous species of small mammals in the tropics. Goats and sheep Cattle and pigs develop inapparent infections. Cattle, zebu and buffalo. Wild bovids and camels are resistant. Cattle Oryx, giraffe and impala are susceptible to experimental infection. LSD virus replies in Morbidity rate variable, up to 90% in a herd. Low mortality rate Morbidity (90%) and mortality (50-80%) rates are higher in young animals than in adults. Mortality rates can reach 50% in early stages. During an outbreak only 33% of animals present symptoms (hyperacute or acute forms), 46% are infected but have no symptoms (sub-clinical forms) and 21% seem to be resistant. Morbidity rate 5-85% Mortality rate very variable (usually low). • Restriction and control of animal movement from the affected premises • Disinfection of trucks and fomites • Surveillance • No specific treatment • Movement control and quarantine • Rinderpest vaccine is commonly used. Recently, a homologous PPR vaccine has been developed • Slaughter of infected animals • Destruction of carcasses • Disinfection • No efficient treatment In disease-free areas: • Quarantine, • Surveillance (blood testing) • Slaughtering of all animals of the herd in which positive animals have been found • Control of cattle movements In infected areas: • Vaccination • No specific treatment • Vaccination Free countries: • Survey of importation of livestock, carcases, hides, skins and semen Infected countries: • Quarantine to avoid introduction of infected animals in to PPR occurs in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East and Turkey CBPP is widespread in Africa. The disease was suspected (not confirmed) in 2005 in Mongolia The disease is present in Africa and reoccurs in Israel. It has also been recorded in Vietnam Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 190
Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Disease Host Virulence Prevention and Control Occurrence of the disease in World (from 01/01/05 to 10/02/07) Sheep and goats after safe herds inoculation • In case of outbreaks, isolation and prohibition of animal movements • Slaughtering of all sick and infected animals • Destruction of carcasses • Disinfection of premises and implements • Vector control in premises and on animals Rift Valley Fever Bluetongue Cattle, sheep, goats, dromedaries, several rodents wild ruminants, humans, African monkeys and domestic carnivores Sheep Cattle, goats, dromedaries, wild ruminants: generally inapparent infection High mortality rate in young animals High abortion rate in ruminants Mortality rate normally low in sheep but up to 10% in some epizooties (OIE) • Vaccination • No specific treatment • Hygiene and vector control • Vaccination • No efficient treatment Disease free areas: • Quarantine • Serological survey • Vector control RVF is present and recurrent in African countries During 2006 the disease has occurred in North Africa, Europe and Middle East (Israel). It has also been reported in Saudi Arabia, Latin America and Caribbean Sheep and goat pox African horse sickness Sheep and goat Usual hosts: horses, mules, donkeys, zebra. Occasional hosts: elephants, onager, Morbidity rate: endemic areas 70-90%. mortality rate: Endemic areas 5-10%, although can approach 100% in imported animals. Mortality rate in horses is 70-95%, in mules it is around 50%, and in donkeys it is around 10%. Infected areas: • Vector control • Prophylactic vaccination • No treatment • Vaccination for prevention and control • Quarantine of infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days after recovery • Slaughtering of infected herd • Proper disposal of cadavers and products • Disinfection • Quarantine before introduction into herds • Animal and vehicle movement controls within infected areas • No efficient treatment • Slaughtering of affected horses and destruction of cadavers • Vector control (insecticides, repellents, screens) • Vaccination of non-infected horses with polyvalent Sheep pox and goat pox are present in Africa, in the Middle East and Asia. During January 2007 it was also reported in Greece and Mongolia It is endemic in Africa Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 191
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