2294 part 1 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Figure 3 Availability of veterinarians per region Average number of veterinarians per country by region (2006) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Asia/Pacific Africa Middle East/N.Africa Europe/C.Asia Americas World average Asia/Pacific Africa Middle East/N.Africa Europe/C.Asia Americas World average Source: UNSIC 2006, based on FAOSTAT and OIE Handistatus II data for 2004 It is not just the number of veterinarians per se that is important, but also their training. From the results of the UNSIC survey, the number of veterinarians specifically trained in AI detection is unclear but it seems that significant gaps exist. Also, few countries 50 appear to have any village veterinary workers, and those which do generally have already been affected by AI. A survey conducted in 2003 to assess the current undergraduate curricula 51 in the veterinary faculties of sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated that most of these faculties faced serious shortages, both in budgets and qualified personnel (A153). Beyond the availability of sufficient, competent and well-trained resources, major gains in the efficiency of human resources can be achieved by eliminating the overlap of functions between the public and private sector, through better organisation, streamlining of operations and a clear chain of command. 50 Only 17 amongst the countries that responded to the survey. 51 The survey examined the extent to which such curricula are adjusted for crucial developments in the veterinary field and the increasing risk of transboundary diseases. Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 46
Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs 4.2.1.3. Animal disease surveillance systems Building and maintaining good (epidemio-)surveillance networks covering the entire national territory potentially for all animals and for all animal diseases, including zoonoses, is an international obligation of all OIE member countries (Table 1). Nonetheless, as demonstrated by the large animal health crises of the last decade including those related to FMD and HPAI, many countries especially in the developing world fall short of meeting this requirement. This is due to the lack of significant human resources, as well as of the necessary technical and financial resources that accompany both the initial investment and its operational maintenance. The 2006 UNSIC survey (A236) provides a global perspective of the overall surveillance capacity for animal health. This indicates that overall capacity is perceived to be strong with nearly 84% of the surveyed countries reporting a strengthened AI surveillance and reporting in birds. Surveillance capacity appears to be equally strong across all regions. Delays in reporting the outbreak of a disease to the OIE, the official body for mandatory reporting of listed animal diseases, can be an indicator of a country’s preparedness to manage outbreaks (A236). A recent FAO investigation of reporting times for outbreaks of AI in animals, which covered some 2298 disease outbreak events from 31 countries since 2003, concluded that the average time from outbreak observation to reporting to the OIE was 12.7 days with a median of 10.8 days (range: 1.2 – 44.5 days). The required reporting interval from observation of an outbreak to notification of the OIE is immediate or 24 hours. This disparity may well suggest that significant gaps continue to exist in country-level preparedness 52 . Looking in more detail at two major components of the animal disease surveillance system, border controls and diagnostic capacity, according to the 2006 UNSIC survey: Border controls for AI are also fairly strong, with 80-90% of countries across all regions planning or implementing such controls. It should be noted, however, that limited information is available on border control breaches (fraud/illegal imports) which makes it impossible to define the current level of risk from cross-border activity. By contrast, laboratory capacity for AI detection is apparently in place for only some 65% of the countries that responded to the survey. Laboratory detection capacity is particularly low in Africa (reported in only 6 of the countries), the Middle East/N. Africa (7 countries) and the Americas (7 countries). Although the picture is better in the rest of the world it is still fairly modest in comparison to the key importance of this component (Asia/Pacific: 11 countries; and Europe/C. Asia: 19 countries). From the survey results, it seems that around 148 laboratories in the world today have the capacity to detect AI. 52 This may not necessarily always be the case. Political pressures to under-report exerted by the industry and/or other interest groups can not be excluded. Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 47
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Annexes Prevention and control of a
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