2294 part 1 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Regional campaigns for FMD control and eradication include the South East Asia campaign (SEAFMD) and the PANAFTOSA campaign in the Americas 31 . These campaigns are discussed further in section 4.2.2.1. 3.5. Definition of prevention and control costs For the purposes of our analysis, prevention and control costs have been defined as the costs incurred by governments during ‘normal’ times, i.e. in advance of outbreaks. In particular, as outlined in Table 2, these include: • Emergency preparedness, in terms in particular of the existence of emergency preparedness plans and the state of VS more generally, • Surveillance networks, in terms in particular of diagnostic capacity and border controls. At a disease-specific level, in the case of HPAI, it follows the main components of the FAO/OIE/WHO Global Strategy for the Progressive Control of HPAI (A40). A more complete as well as more detailed list of the various costs involved in the prevention of HPAI – at country, regional and international level – is provided by the World Bank in its assessment of financing needs and gaps for a global response to the disease (A89), and this has been taken into account here. The costs of prevention will depend on a range of factors, including the nature of the disease and its prevalence in a country (first occurrence, endemic, high risk or low risk etc.) (Annex 1), the structure of the livestock sector, and the current situation of the VS and preparedness levels in each country. For instance, the costs of comprehensive surveillance for HPAI depend inter alia on specific conditions in each country in terms of the structure of the poultry sector. In countries where poultry are predominantly kept in smallholder and scavenging systems, i.e. with a geographically/spatially dispersed and difficult to access sector, costs are expected to be high. This applies to Vietnam where 8 million households rear poultry, and Nigeria, but also most of SE Asia and Africa, as will be seen in the case studies. An overview of the current status quo around the world for the key components of an effective prevention for HPAI is provided in section 4.2. 31 There are currently also calls for a regional approach to the eradication and control of FMD in the Middle East and North Africa, according to which a common strategic programme should be adopted, based on risk evaluation, appropriate strategies for control and the establishment of a surveillance network for an early warning system (A180). This is one the regions of the world most heavily affected by FMD, and the situation poses a continuous threat to other regions, especially Europe. In the Middle East, preventive vaccination is used (targeting cattle), albeit as a tool for preventing economic losses caused by the disease rather than as a means of preventing the spread of infection. The diagnostic capacity is limited and the samples are sent to the WRL. In North Africa the management of the outbreaks has recently been focused on emergency preparedness and control measures based on quarantine and mass vaccination to limit the spread of the disease. Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 32
Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Table 2 Overview of definitions: prevention costs versus outbreak costs Mainly affected by the costs (1) Type of costs Examples Govern ment Livestock holders Agrifood chain Other industry sectors Wider society Veterinary system • Surveillance (including diagnostic capacity/laboratories) • Veterinary border inspection / customs X (public VS) X (private VS) • Human resources • Training and simulation exercises Prevention costs Preventive vaccination Bio-security measures • Vaccine stocks / storage (cold chain) • Human resources • Animal identification • Isolation of newly arrived animals X X X X • Isolation of sick animals • Movement rules (animals, people, equipment) • Cleaning/disinfection procedures Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 33
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