2294 part 1 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs well as detailed guidelines for the surveillance and diagnosis of HPAI in Asia 27 (A14 and A268 respectively). More generally, the FAO developed in 2006 a manual intended to assist national animal health authorities and other stakeholders throughout the world consider the needs for preparing for HPAI, focussing on the necessary measures for the early detection and rapid response to contain the disease (A38). Following these strategies, the World Bank in consultation with the OIE, FAO, WHO and the UN System Influenza Co-ordinator (UNSIC) jointly developed a model that defines key components of the response to avian and human influenza (AHI) at the country, regional, and global levels. This model has been used for the assessment of financing needs and gaps to fight avian flu (Annex A of A89). At a country level, apart from the rapid outbreak containment measures which are discussed separately here in the context of outbreak costs (including culling, compensation, disposal, post-culling disinfection, and vaccination), key components of the response on the animal health side are as follows: • Integrated country plans. All countries, regardless of their level of risk, should prepare integrated country plans for human and animal health. Country plans should identify clear and common objectives across sectors, with associated results, outcomes, and costs, to which all sectors can contribute. They may also need to provide for the development of policy, legislation, and related strategy work to support the interventions identified. • Surveillance and early warning systems (animal health). Systems for surveillance and early warning involve the enhancement of laboratory and diagnostic capacity; operational support to active and passive surveillance, including routine serological survey, and related information system support; training; and technical assistance and support to research. • Communication and coordination. The most immediate economic impacts of a pandemic may arise not from death or sickness but from private individuals’ uncoordinated efforts to avoid infection. Effective communication and coordination is key for governments to minimise panic and disruption and to engage the active involvement of all stakeholders. These components are part of a medium term strategy (up to 3 years). In addition, longer term objectives would include: • Strengthening the capacity of the veterinary system to deal with animal health outbreaks, especially zoonotic diseases. • Restructuring the poultry industry. and the recommendations of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (13th edition, 2004). These Guidelines reflect the knowledge of HPAI in Asia at the time, and were therefore to under continuous review as epidemiology evolved and scientific knowledge and management tools became more comprehensive. 27 The purpose of this document is to provide guiding principles and minimum requirements for surveillance and diagnosis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that can be applied by countries and regional networks in Asia. OIE recommendations are to be read in conjunction with this document. Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 28
Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs In all these activities there are roles for both the public and private sectors. At the regional level, important cross-country activities provide support to countries facing similar sets of challenges. Regional activities should not duplicate country-level activities. They could include: support for reference laboratories (when these are set up to serve a region rather than an individual country); coordination of activities undertaken across countries on implementation policies, surveillance methods, and control measures, given the transboundary nature of the disease; assistance to capacity building, in response to demands made to regional organisations by countries; direct support for regional bodies (including animal health organisations, regional organisations, and technical organisations 28 ), building on existing infrastructure and mechanisms such as the Global Framework for the Control of Transboundary Diseases (GFTADs, developed by OIE/FAO) and the Global Early Warnings System (GLEWS, sponsored by OIE/FAO/WHO); support to communication activities (e.g. meetings, workshops and data exchange provided by regional/international organisations; research on regional issues. At a global level, various support activities can complement those at the country and regional levels, including support to the following: standard setting and global strategy development (OIE and FAO); support to laboratory networks development of materials and new technologies (e.g. vaccines and antiviral treatments); coordination of the response to avoid duplication and waste; and communication. 3.4.3. FMD prevention and control strategy The OIE has been particularly active in promoting effective FMD control and surveillance strategies in its Member Countries, especially those where the disease is endemic. Due to its highly contagious nature and economic importance for many countries, FMD was the first disease for which the OIE established an official list of free countries and zones and prepared guidelines on harmonised methods of FMD surveillance to assist Member Countries in their eradication or control programmes. The OIE has established categories of freedom from FMD that can be allocated to an exporting Member Country, which have different implications for trade (Table 1). These categories are: FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised; FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised; and, infected country or zone (OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2006). The Terrestrial Code provides also Guidelines for the surveillance of FMD. According to these guidelines, an FMD surveillance Programme should include: • An early warning system and processing chain for reporting suspicious cases. Farmers and workers who have contact with livestock should be trained and report promptly any suspicion of FMD. Samples should be submitted to an approved laboratory. Sampling kits and other equipment should be available and personnel responsible for surveillance should be able to call for assistance from a team with expertise in FMD diagnosis and control. 28 E.g., Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Association of South East Asian Nations, FAO, OIE, and WHO regional representations. Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 29
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