2294 part 1 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs Figure 4 Number of AI detection laboratories per region 60 54 50 48 40 30 32 20 10 3 11 0 Asia/Pacific Africa Middle East/N.Africa Europe/C.Asia Americas Number of laboratories Source: UNSIC survey, October 2006 (A236) Furthermore, only 50% of the countries surveyed in Africa, Asia/Pacific and the Americas are planning or implementing controls on cross-species contact of birds and other animals, compared to around 80% in Europe/C. Asia and the Middle East/N. Africa. According to the Alive partnership 53 as well as the PACE programme 54 , capacities for disease reporting with epidemiological investigation and differential diagnostic follow-up actions as well as data analysis are generally deficient in Africa (A258 and A163). This is despite the significant progress made in developing national surveillance systems by programs aimed at controlling epizootic diseases (in 53 ALIVE: Partnership for Livestock Development, Poverty Alleviation, and Sustainable Growth. 54 The Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics (PACE) replaces the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) which concluded in 1999. The main aim of PACE is a surveillance of epizootic diseases in Africa to accurately determine their prevalence and impact on livestock production. It is the first continental epidemiology programme. The five-year PACE programme covers 32 sub-Saharan countries, has a 72 million EURO budget, and is co-ordinated by the Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources (IBAR) of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 48
Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs particular PARC and PACE 55 ) over the last 20 years, which have received sustained funding and technical support 56 . More recently, in January 2006, the FAO launched a series of Regional Technical Cooperation Projects in West/Central, East/Southern and North Africa, which are intended to establish HPAI disease and epidemiological surveillance networks. 4.2.1.4. Vaccination Vaccination is another control and/or prevention measure applied in selected cases, where this is available and considered appropriate. At present, there is significant literature and policy debate on the suitability of this control method and the conditions that need to be fulfilled for its effective application. For example, vaccination for HPAI has been applied in Vietnam (apparently with successful results) but not other parts of Asia 57 , and is currently being considered in Nigeria although there is a strong debate on its potential effectiveness in the Nigerian context (A293). In the countries where a vaccination strategy was adopted, this was mainly because the disease had spread widely throughout the smallholder poultry sector, particularly in production systems 2, 3 and 4 (medium to low level of biosecurity), accompanied by very high animal mortality (A40). The trade situation of a country and its concern to have its products accepted in export markets is another key parameter affecting decisions to adopt vaccination (e.g. Vietnam has no exports versus Thailand which is a key export country). The debate is compounded by the lack / limited access to data on the efficacy of this policy option and of the current vaccines used 58 . The 2006 UNSIC survey (A236) indicates that country attitudes and vaccination strategies differ substantially between regions and the implementation of such programmes remains relatively infrequent. The percentage of countries planning/implementing poultry vaccination is particularly low in the Americas (16%), Europe/C. Asia (23%), and the Middle East/N. Africa (28%), and relatively modest in the rest of the world (Africa: 52%; Asia/Pacific: 45%) Although in the last 6 months of 2006 countries stepped up their preparation of vaccination plans, it is unclear whether this was triggered by a growing acceptance of this policy option or simply reflects the response to the rapid spread of H5N1. The OIE/FAO are currently in the process of developing guidelines on vaccination for HPAI, which cover inter alia the epidemiological situation of the disease, the type of poultry production systems, logistical 55 It was in fact the PACE surveillance programme that first alerted Africa to HPAI infection (in Nigeria). 56 Despite the progress achieved by these programmes, new challenges have emerged in terms of prevention and control, such as those more recently posed by HPAI. Also, few donors have allocated funds so far to finance projects that would ensure the sustainable and long-term reinforcement of VS. 57 Currently (Nov 2005), China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Pakistan are the only countries using vaccination as part of their HPAI control strategy. 58 Modelling studies suggest that where 90% of birds in a flock are adequately protected by vaccine, the probability of flock infection is reduced by 50%. However, despite such vaccination protection at the individual level, ‘silent spread’ of H5N1 can still occur within the flock, with risk for transmission between flocks, particularly at the end of production cycle when biological security is compromised during bird transportation and cleaning of housing units. This highlights the need for a highly effective vaccine, an equally effective vaccination delivery mechanism, adequate bio-security measures, and potentially, the use of unvaccinated sentinel birds placed within vaccinated flocks (A236). Civic Consulting • Agra CEAS Consulting 49
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