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Prevention and control of animal diseases worldwide
Part I: Economic analysis: prevention versus outbreak costs
4.2.2. Assessment of costs at international (global/regional) level
A number of international initiatives are in place today, whether global, regional or disease specific, which
range from detailed programmes for the control of specific TADs (HPAI, FMD, rinderpest etc.), to more
general international initiatives in the field of prevention and control of TADs, and activities dealing with
the enforcement of SPS rules and standards. These provide assessments of the relevant costs, either at
global/regional level, and/or at country level 60 . They include the following (listed in order of relevance to
the study, moving from those that are disease specific to the more general) 61 .
4.2.2.1. Disease specific programmes
a) Global fight against avian influenza
The global financing framework for the fight against avian influenza has been flexible and dependent on
systematic monitoring of the prevailing and anticipated needs. Thus, a number of need assessments of the
required budget have been prepared in the last 2 years by the various competent international
organisations and presented to donors with requests for funding. These assessments include components
that relate to the control of the disease in the short term and components that relate to the medium-long
term objectives of improving prevention and the capacity of national VS to respond more effectively to
outbreaks. Pledges have consequently been made for funding action at three levels: country responses
which attract the bulk of the budget, and - given the need for countries to cooperate on cross-border issues
- involvement of key regional organisations and global activities (WHO, OIE, FAO, and others).
The international stakeholders’ meeting on Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Influenza (AHI), which
was held in Geneva in November 2005, concluded with a strong consensus on the need to address AHI by
supporting integrated country programs, covering both animal health and human pandemic preparedness,
complemented by regional and global coordination. As a result, a total US$ 1.87 billion was pledged in
January 2006 at a donor pledging conference in Beijing, including both grants and loans/credit, of which a
total US$ 1.4 billion had been committed as at 31 October 2006 62 (A147 and A282).
60 It is noted that where needs assessments are performed by the countries themselves, their demands may not
necessarily reflect real needs. The data that are available in this context should always be used with caution. The OIE
PVS evaluations can play an important role in this respect in providing an objective picture of the real situation,
moreover as they follow a uniform approach between countries.
61 This section does not aim to provide an exhaustive list of all the programmes in place today, but to highlight some
of key relevance to this study.
62
The largest international sources of support have been the World Bank (14%), the European Commission (13.2%)
and the Asian Development Bank (5.6%). The largest country donors have been the United States (26.9%), Japan
(13.3%) and Australia (7.9%), followed by several EU MS (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland)
which together account for 11.4%.
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