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72 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
The preliminary framework developed for this analysis is structured
around a “value chain” of corrupt interactions in the education sector in
key functional areas across two distinct (jurisdictional) sets of functions: 5
• “Upstream” functions are primarily those in which corruption is most
likely to occur between public officials and other public officials
(although there may be some capture by private sector actors in education
systems where there is a significant private interest). The three
upstream functions are policy development, planning and budgeting,
and fiscal transfers.
• “Downstream” functions involve management, procurement, and service
delivery. They also involve three different types of potentially corrupt
interactions: (a) between public actors and other public actors in teacher
management and teacher recruitment; (b) between public and private
actors in the provision and maintenance of equipment, supplies, and
buildings; and (c) between public actors and consumers in relation to the
delivery of teaching services. Consequently, these downstream functions
are more complex because each can relate, in turn, to teachers, to
supplies and equipment, and to buildings and related facilities.
The resulting framework is presented in tables 3.1 (for “upstream”
functions) and 3.2 (for “downstream” functions).
This preliminary framework identifies 56 categories of potential corruption,
10 of which are upstream and 46 of which are downstream.
Table 3.1
Function
Policy development
Planning and budgeting
Fiscal transfers
Source: Author.
“Upstream” Forms of Corruption in the Education Value Chain
Form of Corruption
Policy capture
Regulatory capture
Bribery or extortion over licensing
Distortions in decision making by politicians
Corruption in budget planning, from the center down to the
regional and local levels
Bribery to influence allocation of resources at central, regional,
and local levels
Corruption in budget planning, from the local levels up to the
regional and central levels
Corruption in sector budget management at the local level
Bribery or extortion to ensure funding transfers