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116 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
• Falsification of documents to obtain qualifications, jobs, or
promotions
• Fraud and related bribery in examinations
• Conflict of interest in procurement.
Recommendations
Even when correctly identified, there is no single, or simple, way of dealing
with specific corruption risks. The recommendations that follow
should therefore be considered within the context of an integrated
approach characterized by the following:
• Sound understanding of the underlying drivers of behavior
• Laws and regulations that can realistically be applied and enforced
fairly and impartially
• Adequate institutional capacity
• Transparency, meaning that the quality of service delivery can readily
be assessed and shortcomings recognized
• Accountability, meaning that individuals and institutions are clearly
identifiable as responsible for failures in service delivery or related
breaches of procedure, while users and civil society organizations have
the capacity and the mandate to demand such accountability.
Based on the findings of this scoping study, the recommendations
below are proposed for consideration by the Ministry of Education.
Recommendation 1: Establish a corruption risks working group to oversee a
considered response to the tentative findings of this study.
The group, whose composition should command the confidence of all
stakeholder groups, would oversee a considered response to the tentative
findings of this study. Such a response should include, but not be limited
to, the following recommendations:
Recommendation 2: Analyze the nature and extent of fraud in the examinations
process and develop specific recommendations for remedial action.
Recommendation 3: Review the de jure and de facto procedures for recruiting,
upgrading, and promoting teachers and develop specific recommendations
for improving accountability.