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Education Sector Corruption in Ethiopia 111
• The government’s ambitious, needs-based approach to planning can
result in weak links between plans and budgets, thus undermining
accountability mechanisms. (Note the variability of aid flows to education,
as figure 3.2 showed.) The more predictable aid flows provided
by Direct Budget Support (DBS) were intended to reduce this risk.
Following the suspension of DBS, it was recognized that the political
vulnerability of aid flows risked undermining the long-term objective
of sustainable provision of basic services. The decentralized PBS program
made progress in this regard, but donors have not yet achieved a
clear and transparent system of “graduated response.” Such a system
would ensure that aid structurally cofinancing basic services such as
education would not be hostage to political difficulties. 18
Taken together, the following observations suggest a degree of inconsistency
between the supply-side accountability mechanisms of government
and those of donors, with the result that reporting channels can
Figure 3.2
Function
Overview of Corruption Risks in the Ethiopian Education Sector, by
policy development
3
service delivery
2
1
planning and budgeting
0
procurement
fiscal transfers
management
other countries in region
Ethiopia
Source: World Bank 2009.
Note: Numerical values along the radii, depicted on the vertical axis, designate the degree of estimated average
corruption risk within each education sector function, as follows: 0 = no corruption risk; 1 = low risk; 2 = medium
risk; 3 = high risk.