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Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia 161
Box 4.7 (continued)
Box Figure 4.7.2 Community Perceptions of Headworks Construction and
Actual Construction Variance
100
percentage of sites
80
60
40
20
0
good acceptable poor or
incompleted
quality of headworks from visible inspection
community perception of overall quality
poor quality moderate quality good quality
Note: “Construction variance” refers to differences between actual and invoiced construction measures.
A general conclusion is that although communities may have strong and
well-informed views on the “nondrilling,” lower-cost elements of borehole construction—particularly
where they have been actively involved in a project—
these views do not provide a robust indicator of corrupt practice in higher-cost
drilling.
giver—bribing officials to gain access to water, or water infrastructure,
that might otherwise go to another village or household. Such community
or household corruption might also include the embezzlement of
funds by committee members in charge of collecting money for an
operation and maintenance (O&M) fund or nepotism in the selection of
committee members to secure kickbacks and bribes.
Evidence from rural development projects and governance assessments,
within and outside the water sector, suggests that this type of petty
corruption can be significant because many small transactions gradually
mount up for a household or village (Plummer 2007). Moreover, broader