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290 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
• Senior civil service agencies and officers (civil service commission, treasury,
and ministry or department heads)
• Civil servants and officials (in the land administration agency and other
land-related agencies)
• Local officials (for example, city mayors, governors, and village leaders)
• Private sector service providers (for example, public notaries, lawyers,
surveyors, valuers, brokers, and real estate agents)
• Private sector investors (for example, developers and building
contractors,)
• The general public.
How the Value Chain Works
Land sector services are typically provided locally, usually through a special
office such as a provincial or district land office or through an office or unit
within an existing agency such as a local government authority or court.
These services are typically provided either (a) systematically, where the
government routinely provides particular services such as formalization of
land rights village-by-village and conversion of records from a deeds registration
to a title registration process; or (b) sporadically, as an individual
process in response to an individual landholder’s specific request.
In sum, land services are typically as follows:
• Undertaken as a set of clearly specified procedures or processes that
implement policy
• Legally empowered by legislation (such as laws and regulations)
• Implemented through specified forms
• Specified in official instructions or directives, standard operating procedures,
and manuals.
“Land sector services” also covers a wide range of topics, including
land tenure and allocation; land management and land use planning;
public land management; the recording and registration of rights in land
and land records management; and land dispute resolution and conflict
management. In turn, each of these topics requires many work procedures
and processes to do the following:
• Formally recognize existing land and property rights through systematic,
sporadic, or transaction-based approaches
• Allocate land through grants or leases to—or permit the extraction of
resources (for example, logging of timber, extraction of gravel and
sand) by—both domestic and foreign individuals or legal entities