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154 Table 4.4 Value chain area Construction and payment Corruption Risk in Borehole Construction and Payment in the Ethiopian Rural Water Supply Sector Typical corrupt practices in water delivery chain • Corruption in construction: bribery and fraud, including (a) not building to specification; (b) concealing substandard work or materials; and (c) failure to complete works or underpayment of workers • Fraudulent invoicing: marked-up pricing, overbilling by suppliers • Corruption in community-based construction (with practices similar to public-private interactions) Risk areas evaluated by study team in Ethiopia (RWS) • Contractor failure to build the specified number of boreholes • Failure to build boreholes to specification: substandard construction (e.g., not drilling to required depth, not constructing to required width, not using required quantities of equipment or materials, using substandard equipment or materials, and so on) • Fraudulent claims for variations to the contract (e.g., claimed payment for adverse site conditions when the conditions were OK) • Collusion between contractor and site engineer to issue an extension of time or variation, with the result that the contractor gets additional payment and shares it with the site engineer • Bribery by contractor of site engineer to overlook construction or performance defects • Extortion of payments by government officials from contractors (e.g., for approving completion reports and invoices) • Preferential treatment or bribery in borehole siting decisions Risk ST Risk WS Source: Author. Note: RWS = rural water supply. ST = study team finding. WS = workshop finding. Risk Low High
Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia 155 in oversight and sign-off procedures. Nonetheless, participants highlighted the need for a larger survey to strengthen the evidence base and the need for accurate (GPS) recording of borehole locations to ensure that inspection evidence can be linked with complete confidence to contract and invoicing documentation. Corruption evidence: Comparing contracts, construction, and invoices. Contracts for borehole drilling in Ethiopia typically specify the depth to which boreholes should be drilled, their diameter, the likely drilling conditions, and the casing material to be used. 21 Often the type of drilling rig is also specified (as previously discussed in the “Design, Tendering, and Procurement” subsection ). Typically, the responsibility for siting boreholes, supervising drilling operations, and authorizing payment for completed works rests with the regional water bureau. The subsections below look briefly at how contract specifications compare with what was actually built (based on evidence provided by CCTV footage) and what was finally invoiced by the driller and paid for by the commissioning agency. Box 4.6 summarizes overall variance (measured versus invoiced) in the sample, focusing on three cost-weighted indicators: borehole depth, diameter, and materials. In addition, we look at the relationship between construction variance (as above), community participation in water-point implementation, and community perceptions of construction quality. Variation between contracted specification and drilled depth. A borehole had been constructed at each of the locations the study team identified for inspection. For the 16 boreholes where an estimated depth had been specified in a contract, few (25 percent) were within 10 percent of the target: most were both measured and invoiced for less depth. Given that measured depths, completion reports, and invoices for this group were consistent, the most likely reason for the discrepancy was that sufficient water was found at shallower depths and the supervisor suggested that drilling should cease before the target depth had been reached, saving time and money. This conclusion is supported by Carter et al. (2006), which found that reported completion depths in a survey of rural water supply boreholes across 14 zones in Ethiopia were often 10–20 percent lower than in the design specification, largely because tenders erred on the side of caution.
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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20 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopi
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44 Figure 2.4 Corruption Vulnerabil
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100 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiop
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Table 5.2 Disposition of Civil and
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Sector Corru
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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Table 6.7 Overview of Perceived Cor
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Figure 6.5 Drivers of Corruption Ri
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292 Table 7.1 Upstream Value Chain
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336 Figure 8.2 Current Institutiona
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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