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74 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
Table 3.2
Bypassing of correct procurement procedures
Specifications that favor a specific supplier
Fraud, falsification of tender documents, with or without
associated bribery
Collusion among contractors or consultants in bidding
Bribery to influence evaluation of tenders
Service delivery Teachers Bribery, extortion, favoritism, or nepotism in the selection
of students
Favoritism or nepotism in the assessment of students
Fraud (and related bribery) in examinations
Falsification of documents: for example, forged transcripts
and certificates
Teacher absenteeism
Ghost teachers for payment of salaries or per diems
Teachers using power to physically abuse students
Teachers extorting fees for the provision of off-budget
services (ID cards, sports, cleaning)
Teachers shifting services to private tuition
Private schools operating without requisite approval
Suppliers Extortion to provide access to supplies or equipment
intended for all
Leakage of supplies or equipment during distribution
Theft and reselling of supplies or equipment
Misappropriation of assets
Builders Bribery or extortion related to the granting of permits,
licenses, and authorities
Defective construction, supply of substandard materials,
or overclaiming of quantities
Bribery to cover up failure to meet specifications or other
nonperformance
Extortion of facilitation payments to ensure payment
of certificates
Source: Author.
(continued)
Function Focus Form of Corruption
Depending on the circumstances, some of these forms of corruption can
be further subdivided. Such refinements are highlighted in the narrative
and in summary presentations, but in the interest of simplicity are not
included within the framework itself.
By adopting this framework, every form of corruption risk identified
has a place. This allows for the development of an overview that facilitates
an improved understanding of interrelationships between different
forms. It also makes it easier to make comparisons, both between