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Table 7.1
Upstream
Value Chain Analysis of Corruption Risks in the Land Sector
Policy and
legislation
Institutions
Value chain stages
Policy formulation
and legislation
Budget formulation
and allocation
Potential forms of corruption
• Capture of assets by the elite or narrow vested interests through a range of
mechanisms, such as by
º influencing policy and legislation at the expense of society in general;
º failing to ensure adequate resources are available to implement and enforce policy
and legislation; and
º exploiting a lack of clarity in policy and legislation.
• Funds or equipment for land offices not allocated to the land offices (for example,
vehicles needed for field teams captured by head office staff )
• Procurement staff colluding with suppliers (which can result in inappropriate or
substandard equipment or supplies for land offices)
• Nepotism, fraud, or bribery in appointments to key positions
Human resource
management
Downstream Land allocation • Capture of assets by the elite
• Illegal allocation of public land as a result of bribery, fraud, or nepotism, including
º allocation of land that should not be available for allocation because of the existing
or proposed use of the land in question; or
º allocation of land to those either not eligible for the land being allocated or in
preference to others with a clear or better right to the land in question.
• Collusion with applicants to undervalue land being allocated
• Solicitation of informal fees by officials
Land certification
and land records
management
• Alteration of records through bribery, fraud, or nepotism
• Incorrect certification of land rights (to deceive others such as potential purchasers or
financers) to benefit self by fraud; benefit others as a result of bribery or nepotism; or
extort money from others
• Collusion with applicants to undervalue land being certified or transacted
• Minimization or avoidance of fees and taxes through bribery, fraud, or nepotism