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150 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia survey gauged community views about the location, design, and construction of the borehole to see whether community perceptions around construction standards and outcomes correlated with the technical results. Ball (2009) provides further survey details. In summary, the postconstruction survey focused on shallow boreholes of up to 60m depth equipped with a hand pump. In Ethiopia, these are called shallow wells. Although the sample was small, site selection was designed to capture a range of different drilling contractors (private, state, and NGO); funding channels (Channels 1, 2, and 3); and funding sources (government, donor, and NGO). Selection was carried out by the study team alone, independent of the government. 19 At each site, a CCTV camera was used to inspect the materials installed in the borehole and to measure its depth. Information on contract specifications, well completion reports, and invoices was collected from clients and drilling companies. Village and perception surveys were based on water-point interviews with community key informants and user groups. Key findings. Corruption risk: Analyzing the costs of borehole construction. To better understand the potential for corrupt practices in borehole construction, it is first necessary to understand the major costs involved and hence the opportunities for corrupt practice. In Ethiopia, as elsewhere, costs are incurred in (a) mobilizing a drilling team and rig to site; (b) drilling the borehole itself; and (c) equipping the borehole with a pump and the materials needed to make it work effectively and prevent contamination. These materials include casing to prevent the sides of the borehole from collapsing, a slotted screen to allow water to enter the borehole, and grout to prevent contamination from the surface (see figure 4.2). Drawing on cost data collected from drilling contracts and invoices in the current study, the average costs of drilling a shallow borehole of less than 60m depth were approximately US$3,700, excluding hand pump installation and taxes. This cost is similar to the average cost to construct shallow boreholes in Nigeria estimated recently by UNICEF (Adekile and Olabode 2009) and in other African countries (Foster, Tuinhof, and Garduno 2008), although international comparisons should be treated with caution. 20 For shallow boreholes, drilling is the most significant cost.
Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia 151 Figure 4.2 Typical Borehole Construction in Ethiopia surface casing grout casing soft weathered material grout or backfill grout sand unstable bedrock formation stabilizer screen waterproducing zone sump base plug Source: Ball 2009. For this reason, the most likely corrupt practice in the construction process is to drill short, as box 4.5 explains. Risk: low to medium. The available evidence from Ethiopia, and the perceptions of water sector stakeholders, indicates that corruption risk at this level is generally low to medium. Table 4.4 summarizes the findings of the study team and the views of workshop participants on some of the key issues. Survey results, summarized in the annex, were also discussed with workshop participants in Addis Ababa (as specified in table 4.4). In
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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20 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopi
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44 Figure 2.4 Corruption Vulnerabil
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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Table 5.2 Disposition of Civil and
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Sector Corru
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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Figure 6.5 Drivers of Corruption Ri
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286 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiop
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292 Table 7.1 Upstream Value Chain
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336 Figure 8.2 Current Institutiona
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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