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102 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
Table 3.7
Summary of Corruption Risks in Supplies and Equipment
Form of corruption
Management
Collusion with supplier when planning for supplies or
equipment
Perceived corruption risk
Low Medium High
Procurement Low Medium High
Interdepartmental collusion to bypass procurement o
procedures
Favoritism, nepotism, or bribery in the short-listing of
o
suppliers or provision of tender information
Tendering companies owned by persons linked
o
with the award of contracts
Specifications that favor a specific supplier
o
Fraud, falsification of tender documents, with or
o
without associated bribery
Collusion among suppliers
o
Bribery to influence evaluation of tenders
o
Supply of substandard, or inadequate quantity of,
o
supplies or equipment
Overbilling by suppliers
o
Extortion of facilitation payments to ensure settlement
of invoices
o
Service delivery Low Medium High
Extortion to provide access to supplies or equipment o
intended for all
Leakage of supplies or equipment during distribution o
Theft and reselling of supplies or equipment
o
Misappropriation of assets
o
Source: Author.
o
professional bodies responsible in Ethiopia for the maintenance of standards
among both companies and individuals. 16
Such risks must, however, be considered within the context of spending
patterns. With about 85 percent of education sector spending being
taken up with direct costs of teaching, the budgets generally available for
construction of new facilities are low. There are two important exceptions
to this trend:
• At the woreda level, locally raised funds are often used for the
construction or maintenance of school facilities.