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128 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
and sanitation service delivery they occur along the cycle of five sector
functions:
• Policy making and regulation
• Planning, budgeting, and fiscal transfers
• Tendering and procurement
• Construction and operations
• Payment and access.
Figure 4.1 depicts a simplified version of the framework.
The current study provides an opportunity to apply the framework,
and focus on interactions along the value chain, in a specific country case
study and subsector. Tables 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4, later in this chapter, provide
further detail on the corrupt practices typically found at each level of the
value chain illustrated in figure 4.1 and identify the key issues investigated
in Ethiopia. The tables formed the basis for stakeholder interviews
and for discussions at the validation workshop.
Perceptions and Realities in Measuring Corruption
Corruption is difficult to measure with any reliability. Much of the
literature relies on studies of perceptions of corruption. Although they
provide an easily measurable indicator, even the best perception studies
Figure 4.1 Value Chain Framework of Corrupt Interactions in the Water and
Sanitation Sector
public-to-public
interactions
public-to-private
interactions
public-to-consumer
interactions
policy making and regulation
planning, budgeting, and transfers
tendering and procurement
construction and operations
payment and access
Source: Plummer 2008.