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324 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia Notes 1. With support from Imeru Tamrat of Multi-Talent Consultancy PLC. 2. Woredas are administrative districts in Ethiopia, each of which comprises a number of kebeles. The kebele is Ethiopia’s smallest administrative unit (in Amharic, literally “neighborhood”). 3. Author interview with FEACC Commissioner Ato Ali Sulaiman. 4. This estimate was provided by an interviewee who had more than 12 years’ experience in land administration in Addis Ababa municipality. The members of the opposition interviewed stated they wanted to establish an independent body to investigate the 20,000–25,000 properties that they believe politicians and the elite have grabbed. These numbers are subjective and subject to political bias. 5. FEACC Web page, “Toward Consolidating Anti-Corruption Efforts.” http:// www.feac.gov.et/web_collection/publication_and_spots_English_starter.htm. 6. FEACC 2008a, Appendix 7. 7. FEACC 2008a, Appendix 1. 8. FEACC, “Toward Consolidating Anti-Corruption Efforts.” http://www.feac .gov.et/web_collection/publication_and_spots_English_starter.htm. 9. FEACC 2008a, Appendix 7. 10. FEACC 2008a, Appendix 1. 11. Author interview with Amare Aregawi, editor of The Reporter, Addis Ababa. 12. The FEACC commissioner described the encroachment on the green areas in the Addis Ababa Master Plan as endemic and a key outcome of corruption in the land sector (interview with Ato Ali Sulaiman, June 2009). The Office for the Revision of the Addis Ababa Master Plan states that one of its key environmental objectives is protecting endangered green areas. 13. For example, the Amhara land law (proclamation 133/2006) sets out a dispute resolution process in article 29. 14. One of the expert panels cited the example of recent attempts to formalize possession in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Hawassa municipalities by using unpublished municipal directives. The formalization activities were conducted with little consistency and transparency and were discontinued for unexplained reasons before benefiting all eligible informal holders. References Crewett, Wibke, and Benedikt Korf. 2008. “Land Tenure in Ethiopia: Path Dependence, Shifting Rulers and the Quest for State Control.” Review of African Political Economy 35 (2): 203–20.
Land Sector Corruption in Ethiopia 325 Deininger, Klaus, Harris Selod, and Anthony Burns. 2011. The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector. Agriculture and Rural Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. De Meza, D., and J. Gould. 1992. “The Social Efficiency of Private Decisions to Enforce Property Rights.” Journal of Political Economy 100 (3): 561–80. FEACC (Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission). 2008a. FEACC Annual Report 2007/08. FEACC, Addis Ababa. http://www.feac.gov.et/ web_collection/Com_report_english.htm. ———. 2008b. “Report on the Investigation for Improving the Working Procedures to Prevent Corrupt and Bad Practices in Five Subcities of the Addis City Administration: Yeka, Bole, Nifas-Silk/Lafto, and Kolfe/Keranio.” Unpublished report, Amharic version, FEACC, Addis Ababa. ———. 2008c. “Report on the Investigation for Improving the Working Procedures to Prevent Corrupt and Bad Practices Regarding Procedures in Allocating Land, Monitoring, and Control for Real Estate in the Addis Ababa City Administration Land Development and Administration Authority.” Unpublished report, Amharic version, FEACC, Addis Ababa. Kunte, Arundhati, Kirk Hamilton, John Dixon, and Michael Clemens. 1998. “Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results.” Departmental Working paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Multi-Talent Consultancy. 2010. “Improving Land Governance in Ethiopia: Implementation of the Land Governance Assessment Framework.” Final report, Multi-Talent Consultancy, Addis Ababa. People’s Daily Online. 2006. “Land Transactions, Hotbed for Corruption in China: Expert.” November 22. The Reporter. 2007. “Ethiopia: Chronic Corruption in Land Administration.” July 7. http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200707090232.html. ———. 2008. “Oromia to Take Strong Measures against Inactive Land Developers.” October 4. http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/index.php?option=com_content &task=view&id=22&Itemid=26. Shavell, Steven. 2003. “Economic Analysis of Property Law.” Working Paper 9695, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. TI (Transparency International). 2008. “TI Report: Emerging Economic Giants Show High Levels of Corporate Bribery Overseas.” Press release, December 9. http://www.transparency.org/news_room/latest_news/press_releases/2008/ bpi_2008_en. ———. 2009. Global Corruption Barometer. Berlin: TI. TI India (Transparency International India). 2005. “India Corruption Study 2005.” Annual publication, TI India and the Centre for Media Studies, New Delhi.
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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20 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopi
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44 Figure 2.4 Corruption Vulnerabil
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Annex 4.1 Ethiopian RWS Borehole St
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CHAPTER 5 Justice Sector Corruption
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Sector Corru
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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