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114 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
• A subfunction view, which identifies characteristics from the mapping
of corruption risks along the education sector value chain
• A focus on the areas of highest perceived risk of corruption, which sums
up the specific, locally identified risks in Ethiopia’s education sector
that urgently must be addressed, or at least studied in more detail.
Overview
The overview emerging from this study is that the full range of anticipated
corruption risks exist within the Ethiopia’s education sector but
that the resulting risk map differs from that in other countries, or indeed
within other sectors in Ethiopia. Specifically, the following tentative conclusions
can be drawn and depicted:
• The “upstream” corruption risks related to policy development, planning
and budgeting, and fiscal transfers are low compared with the
“downstream” risks related to management, procurement (including
recruitment), and service delivery.
• At this general level, corruption risks within each of the six functions
are generally lower than would typically be encountered in other
countries in the region. This is shown in figure 3.2, where the corruption
risk, as expressed on the vertical radius, runs from zero at the
center, through low (1), medium (2), and high (3) at the outer
edges.
• Presented in this way, as an average of the estimated risks within each
function, the “upstream” risks are low, and the “downstream” risks are
in the low-to-medium range.
Subfunction View
A more detailed representation in figure 3.3 shows estimated risks of
each of the downstream subfunctions, revealing some high risks and
some low ones.
Here, the three highest areas of risk all relate to teachers, the area of
highest spending in the education sector. Starting with teacher recruitment,
extending to teacher management and, to some extent, teachers’
delivery of services, there are strong perceived risks of corruption in the
form of favoritism.
The relatively low perceived risks associated with functions related to
supplies and equipment as well as buildings does not mean that corruption
risks can be ignored. Although outright bribery is seen to be rare,
corruption where it occurs is more likely to be in the form of either fraud
or favoritism.