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196 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
Table 5.1
(continued)
Execution of budget
Management of
nonfinancial resources
Management of funds
collected by courts
Detection of
alleged crime
Investigation of crime
and pretrial procedures
a. System Organization
• Government-accredited bar associations sell licenses or award them
on a nonmerit basis or manage discipline of own members to
either favor colleagues or ignore their misbehavior.
• Public sector actors create slush funds or divert funds to
nonofficial uses.
• Private and public actors collude through bribes, kickbacks, and
sweetheart contracts.
• Public actors manipulate salaries or other benefits to reward or
punish other public (and entrusted) actors.
• Private citizens make “contributions” to augment public actors’
salaries or improve benefits and so ensure favorable treatment.
• Public employees steal equipment and materials.
• Public and private actors collude through bribes or kickbacks on
maintenance contracts.
• Public actors distribute equipment and other resources based on
political clout or favoritism.
• Public actors who collect funds do not turn them over in full, but
pocket some or all.
• Public and private actors collude to falsely record what is paid
and split the difference.
• “Entrusted officials” charged with collecting fees (e.g., Brazil’s
cartórios) do not turn them over to the court.
b. Criminal Justice
Potential forms of corruption
• Political authorities or higher-level officials direct police to ignore a
complaint, undertake an investigation, or arrest a “suspect”
without probable cause.
• Police take regular payments from those running criminal activities
or ordinary businesses in exchange for ignoring infractions.
• Police solicit or accept bribes or other considerations to process
or ignore complaints.
• Police solicit or accept bribes or other considerations to arrest or
release suspects.
• Lawyers collude with private clients to threaten criminal complaints
to extort money or force other actions of “probable suspect.”
• Political authorities or higher-level officers direct police to falsify or
ignore evidence.
• Police steal valuable evidence.
• Political authorities or higher-level officers direct prosecutors to file
or not file charges.
• Political authorities manipulate assignment of the “right” judge
(prosecutor or investigator) to handle the case.
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