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76 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
and 4 percent in 2003/04. First-cycle secondary enrollment trends show
significant increases (the GER rising from 17.1 percent in 2001/02 to
33.2 percent in 2005/06), and although second-cycle secondary enrollment
is low (3.9 percent in 2005/06), it is increasing. Figure 3.1 shows
how primary completion rates have risen over 30 percent over the
2001–09 period. These advancements collectively are a remarkable
achievement, occurring at the same time as a major expansion of both
the TVET and higher-education subsectors.
This expansion has required a marked increase in the number of teachers.
Until 2009, teacher trainee selection had continued to be centrally
managed by the government, with selection generally limited to those
failing to achieve the highest grades. This lack of individual choice, which
extends to decisions over the allocation of teachers to schools, has been
identified as a significant factor both in low teacher morale and the
declining quality of several specific teaching outcomes. 6
A further issue affecting quality is the fact that despite recent marked
increases in sectorwide spending, per-student spending has, as a result of
increased enrollment rates, remained low both in absolute terms and by
comparison with international standards.
Nonstate provider education (NSP) in Ethiopia includes private
schools and nongovernmental organization (NGO) or faith-based organization
(FBO) schools. Despite recent growth, NSP remains well below
the relative importance it attained in the mid-1970s. NSP exhibits marked
regional variations, nationally providing about 5 percent of the total provision
at the primary level and 12 percent at the secondary grade levels.
Figure 3.1 Grade 5 Primary Completion Rates in Ethiopia, 2001–08
percent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: World Bank 2009.