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286 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia Although most corrupt activity in the land sector occurs at the implementation stage, the level of corruption is influenced strongly by the way policy and legislation are formulated and enforced. This influence can take many forms. For example, the capture of state assets by the elite can occur through the formulation of policy that favors the elite. Other examples are (a) inadequate provision of resources to institutions mandated to administer land under generally sound policies or (b) abuse of power where policy is weak or unclear. Methodology The data for analysis was gathered by conducting interviews with key stakeholders, reviewing key documents and information from the media and the Internet, and implementing an assessment of land governance using the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF), which involved expert investigations, expert panels, and sampling (see box 7.2). This assessment has been undertaken quickly and draws heavily on the LGAF assessment, the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (FEACC) investigations of corruption in five subcities in Addis Ababa, and interviews with key stakeholders. Overview of Findings The key areas of corruption in the land sector in Ethiopia are these: • Capture of assets by the elite and senior officials. Elite capture is facilitated by a weak policy and legal framework and poor systems to implement existing policies and laws. • Corruption in the implementation of land policy and laws, particularly through the following: ° Institutionalization of informal fees. The FEACC investigation of corruption in five subcities in Addis Ababa concluded that it was “nearly impossible to a get a plot of land without bribing city administration officials.” ° Fraudulent actions of officials to allocate land to themselves in both urban and rural areas and to housing associations and developers in urban areas. ° Willingness of officials to defraud or respond to bribes or nepotism to overlook virtually all specified restrictions and requirements, particularly in Addis Ababa, which has seriously undermined the enforcement of land use plans, lease conditions, and building and construction codes in urban areas.
Land Sector Corruption in Ethiopia 287 • ° Issuance of forged land documents resulting from fraud, bribery, or nepotism, which has seriously eroded confidence in the land records system. Overview of Recommendations The fundamental recommendations arising from this study concern these aspects of land governance: • Developing a comprehensive land policy and legal framework • Improving institutions and systems in land sector agencies • Building capacity and an environment for service delivery. It is recognized, however, that the development of land policy will take time, and developing and implementing improved systems will also take time. Therefore, the immediate recommended actions to start addressing corruption in Ethiopia’s land sector are these: • Review implementation of improved systems to allocate land in the four subcities in Addis Ababa and the rollout of these procedures in the other subcities in Addis Ababa and other major urban centers in Ethiopia • Improve systems to record rights in urban land and test pilot systems in Addis Ababa subcities • Establish a supervisory body to address and investigate complaints by the public against the actions of officials in land sector agencies. These three actions could be undertaken in the short term and make an immediate impact on the key areas of corruption this study identifies. Long-term activity to develop land policy and improve systems can then build on this initial momentum. The FEACC investigation of corruption in five subcities in Addis Ababa has identified specific modes of corrupt activity and has resulted in improved procedures that are being trialed in four of the subcities. Further detailed investigations of land sector corruption in urban areas outside of Addis Ababa and in rural areas will help prioritize and focus efforts to reduce corruption. Chapter Structure The chapter begins with “Corruption in the Land Sector,” about the extent and nature of corruption in the land sector globally. Further context is provided in “Corruption and Land Governance,” after which the
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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44 Figure 2.4 Corruption Vulnerabil
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Annex 4.1 Ethiopian RWS Borehole St
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CHAPTER 5 Justice Sector Corruption
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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