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176 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia 17. “Guidelines on Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits” (May 2004, revised 2006) and “Guidelines for Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers” (2004, updated 2006). 18. The workshop group that was asked to validate the study team’s findings was dominated by serving government staff. 19. Sample size was restricted to 26 boreholes, although CCTV measurement was limited to 23 boreholes, and invoices and CCTV measurements could be obtained for only 20 boreholes. The sample was limited because (a) gathering the background information needed (namely, contract documents, well completion reports, and invoices) to identify sites and evaluate performance proved difficult, with the data fragmented among drilling companies, regional and zonal bureaus, and NGOs; (b) finding sites in the field was not always easy without global positioning system (GPS) coordinates; and (c) preparing each borehole for CCTV filming was time-consuming. In particular, the hand pump and rising main had to be removed before the camera could be lowered down the borehole. The process could take up to one day depending on distance traveled and technical difficulty. The survey focused on shallow boreholes equipped with hand pumps rather than deeper boreholes. This focus reflects the importance of shallow wells to the UAP target (see table 4.1) and the need to pilot the CCTV survey method at shallower depths. 20. Drilling costs in India, for example, are typically less than one-tenth of those in Sub-Saharan Africa, but there may be good reasons for such differences (distances involved, the state of road networks, drilling conditions, and so on). Hence Carter (2006) cautions against simplistic international comparisons. 21. Contracts are not employed for drilling programs when drilling is commissioned and conducted by one of the state-owned drilling enterprises or when an NGO drills boreholes with its own rig. In the current survey, four boreholes commissioned and drilled by regional enterprises were not formally contracted. 22. In this village, the drilling team reportedly asked village elders to organize help with the transport of materials and equipment to the borehole site on the understanding that labor would be paid. However, the drilling team left without making any payments. None of the contracts or invoices viewed by the survey team included provision for local (contractor to village) payments. 23. In each of the surveyed villages, discussions on contribution systems for water-point operation and maintenance were held with committee members and ordinary water users. Although malpractice was not reported, comprehensive checks on local accounts were not possible in the time available.
Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia 177 References Adekile, D., and O. Olabode. 2009. “Study of Public and Private Borehole Drilling in Nigeria.” Final report for the WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) Section, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria, Abuja. Ball, D. 2009. “Ethiopia: CCTV Well Field Review 2009.” Report CR/09/080 for the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, U.K. Ball, P. 2004. “Solutions for Reducing Borehole Costs in Rural Africa.” Water and Sanitation Program, Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) and SKAT Foundation Field Note, RWSN, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Calow, R. C., A. M. MacDonald, A. L. Nicol, and N. S. Robins. 2010. “Ground Water Security and Drought in Africa: Linking Availability, Access, and Demand.” Ground Water 48 (2): 246–56. Campos, J. Edgardo, and Sanjay Pradhan, eds. 2007. The Many Faces of Corruption: Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level. Washington, DC: World Bank. Carter, R. 2006. “Ten-Step Guide Toward Cost-Effective Boreholes: Case Study of Drilling Costs in Ethiopia.” Rural Water Supply Series Field Note, Water and Sanitation Program, Rural Water Supply Network, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Carter, R. C. H., Desta, B Etsegenet, B. Eyob, D. Eyob, N Yetnayet, M. Belete, and K. Danert. 2006. “Drilling for Water in Ethiopia: A Country Case Study by the Cost-Effective Boreholes Flagship of the Rural Water Supply Network.” Final Report, Volume 1—Main Report of the Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank, Washington, DC; Rural Water Supply Network, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources, Addis Ababa. Davis, J. 2004. “Corruption in Public Service Delivery: Experience from South Asia’s Water and Sanitation Sector.” World Development 32 (1): 53–71. Estache, A., and E. Kouassi. 2002. “Sector Organisation, Governance, and the Inefficiency of African Water Utilities.” Policy Research Working Paper 2890, World Bank, Washington, DC. Foster, S. S. D., A. Tuinhof, and H. Garduno. 2008. “Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Strategic Overview of Development Issues.” In Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa: IAH Special Publications in Hydrogeology, volume 13, ed. S. Adelana and A. M. MacDonald, 9–21. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press. Grey, D., and C. W. Sadoff. 2007. “Sink or Swim? Water Security for Growth and Development.” Water Policy 9 (6): 547–71. Halpern, J., C. Kenny, E. Dickson, D. Ehrhardt, and C. Oliver. 2008. “Deterring Corruption and Improving Governance in the Urban Water Supply & Sanitation Sector: A Sourcebook.” Water Working Note 18, World Bank, Washington, DC.
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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