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134 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia in preventing corruption and enabling the national program to reach its goals. Indeed, risk factors for corruption include all of the following: • The very speed of program development • The extent of decentralization • Questions about the lack of staff, experience, and skills at lower levels • The substantially increased activity and money being invested in the sector. Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia Policy Making and Regulation Corrupt practices may occur at the policy-making level within the public sector. Politicians and officials responsible for water sector policies might seek to influence the focus of policy (that determines investment priorities) to set up future opportunities for rent seeking. In turn, regulators can be bought by politicians and other stakeholders to determine standards and regulations (regulatory capture) or to allow projects to bypass established standards or procedures. At higher levels of government, such corruption is typically opaque and complex, but distortions in the allocation of resources are achieved only by collaboration within water departments and between line departments such as financing and planning (Plummer and Cross 2007). Risk: low to medium. The available evidence from Ethiopia, and the perceptions of water sector stakeholders, indicates that corruption risk at this level is generally low to medium. Table 4.2 summarizes the findings of the study team and the views of workshop participants on some of the key issues. Few opportunities for rent seeking at the policy-making level appear to exist for politicians in the rural water sector in Ethiopia because funding mechanisms and prioritization are reasonably systemized, transparent, and rules-based (as discussed in further detail below). However, adherence to sector policies and strategies appears to vary by region, dependent partly on resource allocations and partly on the degree to which knowledge about sector policies and priorities filters down to lower levels of government. 10 At the regulatory level, there is good to excellent compliance. Role of state-owned drilling companies. One potential area of concern is the position of the government-owned drilling companies favored for
135 Table 4.2 Corruption Risk in Policy Making, Planning, and Budgeting in the Ethiopian Rural Water Supply Sector Value chain area Typical corrupt practices in water delivery chain Risk areas evaluated by study team in Ethiopia (RWS) Risk ST Risk WS Policy making and regulation Sector-level planning, budgeting, and transfers • Policy capture (competition and monopolies) • Regulatory capture (e.g., waivers to regulations and licensing) • Distortions in decision making by politicians (affecting location and types of investments) • Corruption in national and sector planning and budget management (misuse of funds, interministerial bribery for fund allocation, collusion or bribery in selection and project approval) • Corruption in local budget management (fraud, falsification of accounts or documents) • Bribery to influence allocation of resources • Bribery in sector budgeting management (national and local) • Donor-government collusion in negotiations to meet spending or funding targets • Donor-government collusion or fraud with respect to progress and quality Source: Author. Note: RWS = rural water supply. ST = study team finding. WS = workshop finding. • Monopoly position of drilling companies (e.g., regional drilling enterprises in some areas or for some types of work) • Regulation of design and construction (standards for borehole design, evidence of overengineering, collusion between companies) • Licensing or registration practice and procedure for drilling companies (bias, selection) • Distortions in on-budget and off-budget allocations to regions, zones, and woredas (preferential treatment, political bias) • Distortions in use of monitoring information (e.g., coverage) for political or funding ends • Link between planning and budgeting and the types of contracts used (do contracts determine the plans?) • Risk in shift to local-level procurement under decentralization (e.g., management and oversight of funds, local procurement) • Donor contribution to corrupt practices, e.g., through collusion in progress reporting or agreeing to fund moribund projects Risk Low High
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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20 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopi
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44 Figure 2.4 Corruption Vulnerabil
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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Table 5.2 Disposition of Civil and
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Sector Corru
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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Table 6.7 Overview of Perceived Cor
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Figure 6.5 Drivers of Corruption Ri
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286 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiop
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292 Table 7.1 Upstream Value Chain
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336 Figure 8.2 Current Institutiona
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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