Complete Book PDF (4.12MB) - World Bank eLibrary

Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia 123
Methodology
To meet these objectives, a team of international and local consultants
developed a diagnostic approach for mapping corruption, interviewed
sector stakeholders, and conducted a field survey of rural drinking water
boreholes, specifically as follows:
• At the policy making and federal level, a stakeholder analysis of rural water
supply policy making, planning, and budgeting included more than 50
interviews with sector stakeholders representing the government, donors,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector.
• At the project and program level, an evaluation of borehole procurement,
construction, and management included contract specifications; actual
construction standards and invoices; and a postconstruction survey of 26
shallow boreholes in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s
Region (SNNPR) and Oromia—using down-the- borehole, closedcircuit
television (CCTV) equipment—to determine whether completed
infrastructure had been built to contract and invoiced correctly.
• At the community level, the team conducted a survey to ascertain village
perceptions and governance associated with borehole development and
management at the selected sites.
Key findings from the interviews and sample survey were then presented
and discussed at a validation workshop in Addis Ababa, opened by
the minister of water and hosted by the Federal Ethics and Anti-
Corruption Commission. More than 40 sector stakeholders, drawn from
the groups above, attended the workshop.
Why the focus on rural drinking water supply, particularly on groundwater-based
rural water supply? Three reasons:
• The government’s target to achieve full coverage depends crucially on
developing groundwater; this provides (a) the only cost-effective way
of meeting dispersed rural demand at relatively low cost and (b) a
buffer against climate variability.
• The UAP emphasizes the importance of affordable technologies, including
shallow boreholes.
• It has previously been difficult to assess the extent of corrupt practices
in the provision of groundwater-based supply because groundwater is
“out of sight and out of mind.” By adopting a new technique for assessing
subsurface construction standards and by comparing the findings
with design specifications, invoices, and community perceptions of
construction, the study has piloted an approach that could be applied