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374 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia 12. FDRE: Protection of Telecommunications and Electric Power Networks Proclamation No. 464/2005. 13. Discussions with sector representatives revealed some willingness to discuss their perceptions verbally but a strong reluctance to commit them to writing. A confidential survey of the sector was distributed to all organizations consulted, but only two completed surveys were returned. 14. This section reports on the research conducted by Neill Stansbury. 15. The diagnostics noted that the ETC did follow proper procurement procedures in some instances. For example, a contract with a major international supplier placed in 2004, which is not yet finalized, was also briefly assessed. As far as could be told from the contract documents, this contract was publicly advertised before tender, involved several major international competitors in a competitive tender, and there was a public bid opening. 16. The ETC indicates that it invited eight international vendors: Nokia, Ericsson, ZTE, Siemens, Alcatel, Wouhawe, Midock, and CITCC (ETC 2010). 17. At the time of conducting this diagnostic, the FEACC was not aware of whether these areas have been appropriately dealt with by the ETC. 18. This saying, initially by a late Roman sage, is now commonly attributed to Dr. Samuel Johnson, who referred to it in “The Idler,” No. 85, December 1 1759. 19. Though both bribes and facilitation payments are illegal, there is an important distinction between them. A bribe is intended to induce an official to behave improperly, such as by overlooking breaches of procedure. By contrast, a facilitation payment is intended to induce an official to behave properly, when all the necessary documentation is in order and due process has been followed. The distinction between the two becomes blurred when the sums involved become significant in relation to the recipient’s salary. 20. In the response to the draft of this chapter, the ETC did not agree with all examples provided in the following risk areas (ETC 2010). 21. Internationally, the concept of an “independent assessor” is most commonly encountered in connection with integrity pacts in the construction and defense sectors. The same concept can, however, be applied to any situation where there is a need for an experienced independent assessor who carries the respect of all stakeholder groups. References Adam, Lishan. 2007. “2007 Ethiopia Telecommunications Sector Performance Review: A Supply Side Analysis of Policy Outcomes.” Country Profile Series, Research ICT Africa!, Cape Town.
Corruption in the Telecommunications Sector in Ethiopia: A Preliminary Overview 375 Balancing Act Africa. 2006. “Africa Satellite Markets.” Report on satellite provision, Balancing Act Africa, London. ———. 2009. “Ethiopia’s ETC: The Elephant in the Room Slows Down ICT Development.” Balancing Act Africa News, 437 (January 16). http://www2 .balancingact-africa.com/news/en/issue-no-437/top-story/ethiopia-s-etcthe-e/en. Belay, Teshager. 2008. “Chinazation of the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation.” November 9. http://www.docstor.com/docs/51312783/ Chinazation-of-the-Ethiopian-Tel. BuddeComm. 2009a. “Ethiopia: Telecoms Market Overview, Statistics & Forecasts.” Market research report, Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd., Bucketty, Australia. ———. 2009b. “Ethiopia: Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Forecasts.” Market research report, Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd., Bucketty, Australia. ETC (Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation). 2008. “Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007/08,” ETC, Addis Ababa. ———. 2010. “Remarks on ‘Corruption in the Telecommunications Sector in Ethiopia.’” Response to report draft, June 25, ETC, Addis Ababa. FEACC (Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission.) 2008. “Annual Report.” FEACC, Addis Ababa. Hartley, Lynn, and Michael Murphree. 2006. “Influences on the Partial Liberalization of Internet Service Provision in Ethiopia.” Critique (Fall 2006): 87–115. TI (Transparency International). 2008. “TI Bribe Payers Index 2008.” Periodic survey report, TI, Berlin. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/ surveys_indices/bpi. World Bank. 2008. “Country Assistance Strategy for Ethiopia.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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Overview 17 Given the Ethiopian gov
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20 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopi
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CHAPTER 5 Justice Sector Corruption
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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