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68 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia per capita expenditure. The significant growth in spending since 2003, disbursed through block grant mechanisms, has resulted in greatly increased enrollment rates, but these have not been accompanied by clear improvements in the quality of services. As a share of overall government expenditure, education budgets have peaked and are now declining gradually. In this context, attainment of the education MDGs is unlikely if the investment and capacity required to meet the significant and growing demand is inadequate or if resources allocated to the sector are lost through inefficiency or corruption. Objective This diagnostic study was conducted to map corruption risks in the education sector—an essential first step in a broader process of understanding possible constraints to service delivery. Such constraints may include both direct leakage of financial resources and other, less direct forms of loss resulting from distortions caused by corrupt practices. In practice, it can be difficult to distinguish between corruption and a simple lack of capacity. This is particularly the case where, as with this study, many of the underlying data are based on reported perceptions rather than on more substantive evidence. The approach adopted therefore recognizes that, whatever the basis for the reported perceptions, any corrective action is likely to include capacity-building measures. As in other sectors, corruption in education can be multifaceted, ranging from large distortions in resource allocation and significant procurement-related fraud to smaller amounts garnered through daily opportunities for petty corruption and nontransparent financial management. As a result of this complexity, the current understanding of the extent and nature of corruption in the education sector in Ethiopia is limited. Although it is possible to focus in detail on specific issues such as teacher absenteeism or ghost workers, 1 such studies provide a limited view. The broader approach adopted here tries to achieve a better understanding of the overall pattern of corruption risks across the whole national education system. This overview extends across the levels of government and along the value chain of policy making to front-line service delivery. In doing so, it highlights areas that warrant special attention— be they policy reform; procedural change; or the need for further, more detailed analytical study.
Education Sector Corruption in Ethiopia 69 Methodology The scoping study findings are based on the following information sources: • Literature review. In the absence of specific studies of corruption risks, the review focused on published reports relating more generally to education sector performance and plans. • Field surveys. The perception-based survey methodology was developed in consultation with both local stakeholders and representatives of the donor education team. 2 Surveys were conducted in mid-2009 in 19 woredas in the regions of Oromia; Amhara; Benishangul-Gumuz; the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR); and the city-state of Addis Ababa (map 3.1). 3 • Informal interviews. Structured interviews with respondents from each stakeholder group provided further qualitative data, insights, and examples of perceived corruption in the sector. Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regions Included in Education Sector Field Surveys Tigray Amhara Afar Benishangul- Gumuz Dire Dawa Addis Ababa Harari Gambela Southern Nations, Nationalities, and peoples Oromia Somali Source: http://mapsof.net.
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DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Public Se
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Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia P
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Contents Foreword Preface About the
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Contents vii Chapter 6 Construction
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Contents ix Map 3.1 Ethiopian Regio
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Contents xi 3.6 Summary of Corrupti
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Foreword The government of the Fede
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Preface Although many would argue t
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Preface xvii Goldie-Scot, Piers Cro
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xx About the Editor and Authors bil
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xxii About the Editor and Authors g
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xxiv Abbreviations GAC Governance a
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CHAPTER 1 Overview Janelle Plummer
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Overview 3 Focusing on Ethiopia, th
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Overview 5 for their knowledge of c
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Overview 7 and group discussion wit
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Overview 9 analysis, Goldie-Scot ge
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Overview 11 Chapter 8: Telecommunic
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Overview 13 might be explained by t
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Overview 15 The perceptions of corr
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154 Table 4.4 Value chain area Cons
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Annex 4.1 Ethiopian RWS Borehole St
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CHAPTER 5 Justice Sector Corruption
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Justice Sector Corruption in Ethiop
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CHAPTER 6 Construction Sector Corru
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Construction Sector Corruption in E
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Figure 6.5 Drivers of Corruption Ri
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292 Table 7.1 Upstream Value Chain
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CHAPTER 9 Corruption in the Mining
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Corruption in the Mining Sector: Pr
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