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176 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
17. “Guidelines on Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits” (May
2004, revised 2006) and “Guidelines for Selection and Employment of
Consultants by World Bank Borrowers” (2004, updated 2006).
18. The workshop group that was asked to validate the study team’s findings was
dominated by serving government staff.
19. Sample size was restricted to 26 boreholes, although CCTV measurement
was limited to 23 boreholes, and invoices and CCTV measurements could
be obtained for only 20 boreholes. The sample was limited because (a) gathering
the background information needed (namely, contract documents,
well completion reports, and invoices) to identify sites and evaluate performance
proved difficult, with the data fragmented among drilling companies,
regional and zonal bureaus, and NGOs; (b) finding sites in the field was
not always easy without global positioning system (GPS) coordinates; and
(c) preparing each borehole for CCTV filming was time-consuming. In particular,
the hand pump and rising main had to be removed before the camera
could be lowered down the borehole. The process could take up to one
day depending on distance traveled and technical difficulty. The survey
focused on shallow boreholes equipped with hand pumps rather than
deeper boreholes. This focus reflects the importance of shallow wells to the
UAP target (see table 4.1) and the need to pilot the CCTV survey method
at shallower depths.
20. Drilling costs in India, for example, are typically less than one-tenth of
those in Sub-Saharan Africa, but there may be good reasons for such differences
(distances involved, the state of road networks, drilling conditions,
and so on). Hence Carter (2006) cautions against simplistic international
comparisons.
21. Contracts are not employed for drilling programs when drilling is commissioned
and conducted by one of the state-owned drilling enterprises or when
an NGO drills boreholes with its own rig. In the current survey, four boreholes
commissioned and drilled by regional enterprises were not formally
contracted.
22. In this village, the drilling team reportedly asked village elders to organize
help with the transport of materials and equipment to the borehole site on
the understanding that labor would be paid. However, the drilling team
left without making any payments. None of the contracts or invoices
viewed by the survey team included provision for local (contractor to
village) payments.
23. In each of the surveyed villages, discussions on contribution systems for
water-point operation and maintenance were held with committee members
and ordinary water users. Although malpractice was not reported,
comprehensive checks on local accounts were not possible in the time
available.